The Drug Trade and State Violence in Internal Conflicts: Evidence from Peru

ABSTRACTMost literature on drugs and conflict focuses on how the drug trade affects insurgent behavior, paying little attention to its effect on state behavior in conflict settings. This article begins to address this gap by analyzing the impact of drugs on state violence during the internal conflict in Peru (1980–2000), which, in the 1980s, was the world’s major producer of coca for the international drug trade. Drawing on literature on criminal violence and on drug policy, this study theorizes militarization as the main channel by which drug production affects how state forces treat the civilian population during internal conflicts, though it also explores a second channel associated with corruption. The analysis finds that, all else equal, drug-producing localities saw increased state violence in ways consistent with the militarization channel.

The Historical and Contemporary Causes of «Survival Migration». From Central America’s Northern Triangle

Durante la última media década se han producido salidas masivas de refugiados procedentes del Triángulo Norte de América Central, es decir, de El Salvador, Guatemala y Honduras. Dichas salidas surgen de una serie de procesos históricos perversos, que se refuerzan mutuamente: la implementación profundamente defectuosa de acuerdos de paz igualmente defectuosos que puso fin a las guerras civiles de la región en la década de 1990; la búsqueda de la privatización neoliberal y las políticas económicas «amigables al mercado» que socavan el avance hacia una paz social sostenible; los acuerdos comerciales que infligieron un gran daño a la agricultura campesina; la búsqueda de inversión extranjera en sectores extractivos que desplazaron a pueblos rurales e indígenas y las políticas de las principales instituciones internacionales y del gobierno de Estados Unidos en particular, que profundizaron todas estas tendencias perversas que dejaron a la gente sin medios de vida. Las bandas criminales y la violencia vinculadas al narcotráfico son manifestaciones de estos procesos subyacentes que expulsan a las personas de la región en oleadas de «migración de supervivencia» forzada. The past half decade of massive refugee outflows from the Northern Triangle of Central America –that is, from El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras– emerge from a number of perverse and mutually reinforcing historical processes: the deeply flawed implementation of equally flawed peace accords that ended the region’s civil wars in the 1990s; the pursuit of neoliberal privatization and «market-friendly» economic policies that undercut advance toward sustainable social peace, including trade agreements that inflicted great damage to peasant agricultura; the pursuit of foreign investment in extractive sectors that displaced rural and indigenous peoples, and the policies of the major international institutions, and of the United States government in particular, which deepened all of these perverse trends that left people without livelihoods. The gang and criminal violence linked to the narcotics trade are manifestations of these underlying processes that expel people from the region in waves of forced «survival migration».

Estimación del feminicidio en México con base en homicidios en solitario

Women in Mexico face two wars that threaten their lives; on the one hand, the vio-lence of machismo and misogyny and on the other, the generalized violence caused by the “war against drugs”. While part of the criminal violence usually implies multiple homicide events, femicides usually take place as actions specifically directed at them individually. This paper establishes the limitations of the methodological tools used by other investigations in the delimitation of femicide and offers a new operative defini-tion. The analysis of multiple murders reveals that the death of a significant propor-tion of women is linked to the death of other men, and simultaneously, the analysis of individual homicide shows a reconfiguration of risk spaces for women not necessarily associated with criminal violence.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF RESPONSIBILITY OF CRIMINAL VIOLENCE IN HOUSEHOLD IN CONCEPT POSITIVE LAW AND MINANGKABAU TRADITIONAL LAW

Domestic Violence (KDRT) is a form of crime in the domestic sphere; the data on domestic violence is increasingly worrying and tends to be out of control. Based on the Records of Violence against Women (CATAHU) in 2019; there were 431,471 cases of violence against women and it has been escalated up to 693% since 2008 which was only 54,425 cases. The effort to overcome and handle domestic violence is carried out by formulating various kinds of laws and regulations, creating structural and non-structural institutions that handle domestic violence cases, but in reality acts of violence continue to increase. In West Sumatra, Minangkabau customary law is prevailed as a law that is admited by the constitution. In fact domestic violence in Minangkabau society is a common problem. In handling and overcoming domestic violence, positive law and Minangkabau customary law have their own ways. From the data of national statistics agency of indoensia (BPS) in 2019, West Sumatra was not classified as the 10 highest occurrences of domestic violence in Indonesia. Based on this phenomenon, it is very interesting to study and to be compared of the effort to overcome domestic violence based on the concepts of Positive Law and Minangkabau Customary Law. This study uses a normative approach, namely examining library materials or secondary data consisting of primary legal materials and tertiary legal materials. The results of Positive Law research in overcoming domestic violence focus on handling by applying the law with maximum punishment (repressive), by providing education to the community that is directed and well programmed (preventive), even if domestic violence occurs then efforts are made (pre-emptive) so that the impact or the consequences are not significant. While Minangkabau customary law is more of a preventive effort, namely before the occurrence of domestic violence and the application of Minangkabau customary law is carried out in stages based on the proverb Bajanjang Naik Batanggo Turun.

The Behavioral Consequences of Conflict Exposure on Risk Preferences

Violent conflict is a polyhedric phenomenon. Beyond the destruction of physical and human capital and the economic, political, and social costs war generates, there is an additional burden carried by victims: persistent changes in the way they make decisions. Exposure to violence generates changes in how individuals perceive other individuals from their group and other groups, how they discount the future, and how they assess and tolerate risk. The behavioral consequences of violence exposure can be documented using experiments in which participants make decisions in a controlled, incentive-compatible scenario. The external validity of experiments is reinforced when the studies are run in postconflict scenarios, for example, in Colombia, with real victims of conflict. The experimental tasks, therefore, may map risk attitudes among victims and nonvictims of the conflict who share a common background, and distinguish between different types of exposure (direct versus indirect) and different sources of violence (conflict-related versus criminal violence). The experimental evidence collected in Colombia is consistent with a long-lasting and substantial effect of conflict exposure on risk attitudes. Victims are more likely to take risks and less likely to make safe choices than nonvictims, controlling for demographic, socioeconomic, and attitudinal factors. The effect is significant only when the source of violence is conflict (exerted by guerrilla or paramilitary militias) and when violence is experienced directly by individuals. Indirect conflict exposure (suffered by close relatives) and criminal violence leave no significant mark on participants’ risk attitudes in the study.

Insecurity and the reintegration of former armed non-state actors in Colombia

In this paper, we focus on the completion of a government reintegration program in Colombia for former non-state armed actors, such as rebel forces and militias, in the post-conflict period. As the members of these groups lay down their arms and return to a peaceful existence, the effectiveness of their transition to ‘normal’ lives can be critical in preventing the re-emergence of conflict and violence. Former combatants face numerous challenges and hardships such as criminal violence, political violence, economic hardship that, if not properly addressed, may increase the likelihood that some of them become involved in criminal work, political violence, or other activities that undermine peace. We develop a theory of the impact of violence and insecurity challenges facing former, non-state armed actors (henceforth, ANSAs). We suggest that the numerous challenges involved in leading a normal life under conditions of abnormal security will likely make successful completion of government reintegration programs more difficult for ANSAs. We also consider and account for the powerful effects of gender and family in the successful completion of a reintegration program. We test our theoretical model on the successful completion of a government reintegration program in Colombia, and test our hypotheses on a large database of ANSAs. We find support for our hypotheses, as well as social factors that greatly influenced the likelihood of successful completion of the Colombian government’s reintegration program.

PREDICTING THE RISK OF AGGRESSIVE RECIDIVISM A CRIMINOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

Aggressive delinquency is recognized as a one of the most serious threats for the society. Although criminal violence is often considered in the fi eld of criminology, the issues of recurrence of criminal violence are less often undertaken. The article focuses on that important area of interest in criminology, including risk assessment for recurrence of criminal violence in particular. Changes in the penal policy as well as the main assumptions of risk assessment approach were characterised from dual perspective – criminology and forensic psychology. Moreover, the risk factors and protective factors model, diagnostic methods and current directions for predicting violent recidivism were discussed. Besides, threat of criminal aggression was revealed at a broad, social context, including the problem of the “dark number of crimes”. Limitations connected with measuring extent of recurrent aggressive delinquency were also discussed. At the end of the review, authors presented theoretical model included key factors infl uencing at the general level of criminal violence treat. This model consists of four categories: 1) institutions and the legal rules, 2) professional risk assessment, 3) effectiveness of former prisoners adaptation in society, 4) social perception and social attitudes toward risk of harm caused by aggressive crime. Presented article might be useful in discussion around the issue of effective criminal violence prevention.

Perlindungan Hukum terhadap Perempuan Korban Kekerasan dalam Rumah Tangga (KDRT) pada Tingkat Penyidikan Berdasarkan Undang-Undang No. 23 Tahun 2004 tentang Penghapusan Kekerasan dalam Rumah Tangga (UUPKDRT)

Family is the smallest social unit in society that plays a role and has a huge influence on the social development and personality development of each family member. Tensions between husband and wife and parents with children are natural in a family or household, but it becomes unnatural to resolve the conflict using violence. Such behavior can be said in acts of domestic violence (DV). Indonesia also actually has regulations governing the matter in Law No. 23 of 2004 on the Elimination of Domestic Violence (EDV), but cases of domestic violence continue to increase every year, especially in Manado City. This thesis will discuss about how to Protect Women Victims of DV at the Investigative Level in Manado City Based on Law No. 23 of 2004 on the EDV. The writing of this thesis uses qualitative method as its research methodology. The data obtained is then analyzed qualitatively. The specifications used are descriptive analysis that describes comprehensively the Protection of Women Victims of DV at the Level of Investigation in Manado City Based on Law No. 23 of 2004 on the EDV. The conclusion of the study mentioned that the Female Individual Factor, domestic violence is very potentially greater if often quarrel with a partner. Couple Factor, DV is very potential if our partner or we have a relationship with another partner. Economic factors, can trigger the occurrence of no criminal violence against women in the family. In this case, the researchers noticed that one of the triggers was also but was not directly expressed by his wife by refusing to take money at the ATM for the next reason still taking care of the toddler. Socio-Cultural Factors, the occurrence of domestic violence is quite large but does not affect the decision of the victim to report the violence he received to the police. Verdict number 121/Pid.Sus/2020/PN.Mnd. Theform of protection received by the victim is from medical personnel as evidenced by Visum Et Repertum No.B/287/VIII//2019/Rs.Bhay which was made and signed by Doctor Jeane resulting in bruises. The police who conduct investigations and investigations to obtain preliminary evidence are not criminal and make arrests and arrests to suspects. The Court Judge who provides protection in the form of the implementation of the trial and adjudicating that the defendant has been proven legally and convincingly guilty of committing no "Domestic Physical Violence." Abstrak. Keluarga adalah unit sosial terkecil dalam masyarakat yang berperan dan berpengaruh sangat besar terhadap perkembangan sosial dan kepribadian setiap anggota keluarga. Ketegangan antara suami dan istri maupun orang tua dengan anak merupakan hal yang wajar dalam sebuah keluarga, akan tetapi hal tersebut menjadi tidak wajar apabila menyelesaikannya menggunakan kekerasan. Perilaku seperti itu dapat dikatakan tindakan kekerasan dalam rumah tangga (KDRT). Indonesiapun sebetulnya telah memiliki regulasi yang mengatur mengenai hal tersebut dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2004 Tentang Penghapusan KDRT, akan tetapi kasus megenai KDRT terus menigkat tiap tahunnya, khusunya di Kota Manado. Skripsi ini akan membahas mengenai bagaimana Perlindungan Hukuk Terhadap Perempuan Korban KDRT Pada Tingkat Penyidikan di Kota Manado Berdasarkan Undang – Undang No 23 Tahun 2004 Tentang Penghapusan Kekerasan Dalam Rumah Tangga (UU-PKDRT). Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif sebagai metodologi penelitiannya. Spesifikasi penilitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif analisis yaitu menggambarkan secara komperhensif mengenai Perlindungan Hukuk Terhadap Perempuan Korban KDRT Berdasarkan Undang – Undang No 23 Tahun 2004 Tentang Penghapusan Kekerasan Dalam Rumah Tangga (UU-PKDRT). Kesimpulan menyebutkan bahwa Faktor Individu Perempuan, KDRT sangat berpotensi lebih besar terjadi apabila sering bertengkar dengan pasangan. Faktor Pasangan, KDRT sangat berpotensi terjadi apabila pasangan kita atau kita memiliki hubungan dengan pasangan lain. Faktor Ekonomi, dapat memicu terjadinya tidak pidana kekerasan terhadap perempuan dalam lingkungan keluarga. Dalam kasus ini bahwa salah satu pemicu tetapi tidak diekpresikan secara langsung oleh isterinya melaikan menolak untuk mengambil uang di ATM karena masih mengurusi anak yang masih balita. Faktor Sosial Budaya, terjadinya kekerasan dalam rumah tangga cukup besar namun tidak memengaruhi keputusan korban untuk melaporkan kekerasan yang diterimanya pada pihak kepolisian. Nomor putusan 121/Pid.Sus/2020/PN.Mnd. bentuk perlindungan yang diterima korban adalah dari tenaga medis dibuktikan dengan Visum Et Repertum No.B/287/VIII//2019/Rs.Bhay yang dibuat dan ditanda- tangani oleh Dokter Jeane Agu yang mengakibatkan luka memar. Pihak Kepolisian yang melakukan penyelidikan untuk memperoleh bukti awal tidak pidana dan melakukan penangkapan dan penahanan kepada tersangka. Pihak Hakim Pengadilan yang memberikan perlindungan berupa pelaksanaan penyidangan perkara dan mengadili bahwa terdakwa telah terbukti secara sah meyakinkan bersalah melakukan tidak pidana “Kekerasan Fisik Dalam Rumah Tangga.”