AbstractTo use nucleic acids in biomedical research and medical applications, these highly hydrophilic macromolecules have to be transported through the organism, targeted to specific cell surfaces, and have to cross cellular barriers. To this end, nanosized transfection complexes have been designed and several of them have been successfully tested. Here, the different steps of the transfection process and the particular optimization protocols are reviewed, including the physicochemical properties of such vectors (size, charge, composition), protection in serum, cellular uptake, endosomal escape, and intracellular targeting. The transfection process has been subdivided into separate steps and here special emphasis is given to peptides that have been designed to optimize these steps individually. Finally, complex devices encompassing a multitude of beneficial functionalities for transfection have been developed.
