Intervertebral disc disease in dogs – Part 1: A new histological grading scheme for classification of intervertebral disc degeneration in dogs

2013 ◽  
Vol 195 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Bergknut ◽  
B.P. Meij ◽  
R. Hagman ◽  
K.S. de Nies ◽  
J.P. Rutges ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intervertebral Disc ◽  
Disc Degeneration ◽  
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration ◽  
Histological Grading ◽  
Intervertebral Disc Disease ◽  
Disc Disease

scholarly journals Classification of Intervertebral Disc Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joe Fenn ◽  
Natasha J. Olby ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Intervertebral Disc ◽  
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Intervertebral Disc Disease ◽  
Disc Disease ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
Disc Material ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Current Systems

Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) has been recognized in dogs since the 1800s, when the first descriptions of extruded disc material within the vertebral canal were published. In the intervening time our understanding of intervertebral disc pathology in dogs and cats has increased dramatically, with many variations of IVDD described. Whilst the volume of literature and collective understanding of IVDD has expanded, there has also been scope for confusion as the definition of intervertebral disc disease, with its myriad different manifestations, becomes more complicated. A large volume of literature has aimed to combine the use of histopathology, diagnostic imaging and clinical findings to better understand the various ways in which IVDD can be classified. Much of this research has focused on the classification of mechanisms of intervertebral disc degeneration, centering around the differences between, and overlaps in, IVDD in chondrodystrophic and non-chondrodystrophic dog breeds. However, with the increasing availability of advanced imaging modalities allowing more accurate antemortem diagnosis, the concept of IVDD has expanded to include other clinical presentations that may not fit into traditional models of classification of IVDD. This review aims to provide an up to date overview of both historical and current systems of IVDD classification, highlighting the important findings and controversies underpinning them.

Genetic aspects of intervertebral disc degeneration

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 581-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Hanaei ◽  
Sina Abdollahzade ◽  
Alireza Khoshnevisan ◽  
Christopher K. Kepler ◽  
Nima Rezaei
Keyword(s):  
Intervertebral Disc ◽  
Disc Degeneration ◽  
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Disc Disease ◽  
Multifactorial Diseases ◽  
Common Causes

AbstractIntervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is one of the common causes of low back pain. Similar to many other multifactorial diseases, it is affected by environmental and genetic factors. Although not completely understood, genetic factors include a wide spectrum of variations, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms, which could play a significant role in the etiology of this disease. Besides, the interactions with environmental factors could make the role of genetic factors more complicated. Genetic variations in disc components could participate in developing degenerative disc disease through altering the normal homeostasis of discs. Gene polymorphisms in disc proteins (collagens I, II, III, IX, and XI), proteoglycans (aggrecan), cytokines (interleukins I, VI, and X), enzymes (matrix metalloproteinases II, III, and IX), and vitamin D receptor seem to play considerable roles in the pathology of this disease. There are also many other investigated genes that could somehow take part in the process. However, it seems that more studies are needed to clarify the exact role of genetics in IVDD.

scholarly journals HISTOLOGICAL MARKERS OF DEGENERATION AND REGENERATION OF THE HUMAN INTERVERTEBRAL DISK

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-47
Author(s):  
MANUELA PELETTI-FIGUEIRÓ ◽  
ISRAEL SILVEIRA DE AGUIAR ◽  
SUELEN PAESI ◽  
DENISE CANTARELLI MACHADO ◽  
SERGIO ECHEVERRIGARAY ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Intervertebral Disc ◽  
Disc Degeneration ◽  
Degenerative Disc Disease ◽  
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration ◽  
Disc Disease ◽  
Lumbar Degenerative Disc Disease ◽  
Degenerative Disc ◽  
Hematoxylin And Eosin ◽  
Safranin O

ABSTRACT Objective: To define histological scores for intervertebral disc degeneration that would enable the definition of morphological characteristics of disease, besides improving knowledge of the lumbar degenerative disc disease by means of immunohistochemical markers. Methods: Hematoxylin and Eosin, Alcian/PAS, Masson Trichrome and Safranin O/FCF staining was used on the intervertebral disc degeneration sections of patients with lumbar degenerative disc disease. The protein markers defined in immunohistochemistry were cell proliferation (Ki-67) and apoptosis (p53). Results: The study data enabled the determination of Safranin O/FCF stain as the most effective one for evaluating parameters such as area, diameter, and number of chondrocyte clusters. The importance of using stains in association, such as Safranin O/FCF, Masson Trichrome, Alcian/PAS and Hematoxylin and Eosin, was also determined, as they are complementary for the histopathological verification of intervertebral disc degeneration. By expressing proteins using the immunohistochemistry technique, it was possible to consider two stages of disc degeneration: cell proliferation with chondrocyte cluster formation, and induction of apoptosis. Conclusion: This study enabled the histological and immunohistochemical characterization to be determined for lumbar degenerative disc disease, and its degrees of evolution, by determining new disc degeneration scores.

scholarly journals Stem Cells and Exosomes: New Therapies for Intervertebral Disc Degeneration

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 2241
Author(s):  
Zoe Krut ◽  
Gadi Pelled ◽  
Dan Gazit ◽  
Zulma Gazit
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Intervertebral Disc ◽  
Disc Degeneration ◽  
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mechanical Trauma ◽  
Disc Disease ◽  
Surgical Interventions ◽  
Symptomatic Disease

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) occurs as a result of an imbalance of the anabolic and catabolic processes in the intervertebral disc, leading to an alteration in the composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM), loss of nucleus pulposus (NP) cells, excessive oxidative stress and inflammation. Degeneration of the IVD occurs naturally with age, but mechanical trauma, lifestyle factors and certain genetic abnormalities can increase the likelihood of symptomatic disease progression. IVDD, often referred to as degenerative disc disease (DDD), poses an increasingly substantial financial burden due to the aging population and increasing incidence of obesity in the United States. Current treatments for IVDD include pharmacological and surgical interventions, but these lack the ability to stop the progression of disease and restore the functionality of the IVD. Biological therapies have been evaluated but show varying degrees of efficacy in reversing disc degeneration long-term. Stem cell-based therapies have shown promising results in the regeneration of the IVD, but face both biological and ethical limitations. Exosomes play an important role in intercellular communication, and stem cell-derived exosomes have been shown to maintain the therapeutic benefit of their origin cells without the associated risks. This review highlights the current state of research on the use of stem-cell derived exosomes in the treatment of IVDD.

scholarly journals Clinical management of dogs with presumptive diagnosis of thoracolumbar intervertebral disc disease: 164 cases (2006-2017)

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel Baumhardt ◽  
Angel Ripplinger ◽  
Graciane Aiello ◽  
Marcelo L. Schwab ◽  
Denis A. Ferrarin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intervertebral Disc ◽  
Clinical Management ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Neurological Dysfunction ◽  
Intervertebral Disc Disease ◽  
Disc Disease ◽  
Presumptive Diagnosis ◽  
Grade Ii ◽  
Veterinary Hospital

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to identify dogs with presumptive diagnosis of cervical intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) submitted to clinical management and to evaluate the outcomes. Data were obtained from the medical records of patients with neurological dysfunction assisted at a University Veterinary Hospital from 2006 to 2017. In addition to the patients’ records, dog owners responded to a questionnaire on the success of therapy. Four hundred and thirteen neurological records were evaluated, and 164 met the inclusion criteria of the study. The most common breed was Dachshund, followed by mongrels. Classification of neurological dysfunction in the study sample was as follows: 15.9% with grade I, 25.6% with grade II, 26.8% with grade III, 8.5% with grade IV, and 23.2% with grade V. Outcome was satisfactory in 71.6% of the dogs and unsatisfactory in 28.4% of them. Recurrence was observed in 27.7% of those with satisfactory outcomes. The clinical treatment of dogs with thoracolumbar IVDD is satisfactory, particularly for animals with milder disease grades (I, II, and III). There is possibility of recurrence with conservative therapy and clinical signs may be more severe.

scholarly journals Novel therapeutic strategies for degenerative disc disease: Review of cell biology and intervertebral disc cell therapy

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 205031211876167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Fernandez-Moure ◽  
Caitlyn A Moore ◽  
Keemberly Kim ◽  
Azim Karim ◽  
Kevin Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intervertebral Disc ◽  
Disc Degeneration ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Structural Damage ◽  
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Cell Protein ◽  
Disc Disease

Intervertebral disc degeneration is a disease of the discs connecting adjoining vertebrae in which structural damage leads to loss of disc integrity. Degeneration of the disc can be a normal process of ageing, but can also be precipitated by other factors. Literature has made substantial progress in understanding the biological basis of intervertebral disc, which is reviewed here. Current medical and surgical management strategies have shortcomings that do not lend promise to be effective solutions in the coming years. With advances in understanding the cell biology and characteristics of the intervertebral disc at the molecular and cellular level that have been made, alternative strategies for addressing disc pathology can be discovered. A brief overview of the anatomic, cellular, and molecular structure of the intervertebral disc is provided as well as cellular and molecular pathophysiology surrounding intervertebral disc degeneration. Potential therapeutic strategies involving stem cell, protein, and genetic therapy for intervertebral disc degeneration are further discussed.

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