Effect of ultrasonic pretreatment on eliminating cyanogenic glycosides and hydrogen cyanide in cassava

Members of the genus Macadamia contain cyanogenic compounds, which release hydrogen cyanide (HCN) on hydrolysis. Concentrations of releasable cyanide were measured in tissues of mature nuts and seedlings of Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betche, M. tetraphylla L.A.S. Johnson and M. ternifolia F.Muell. Root, cotyledon and leaf samples were assayed at several developmental stages from germination to maturation of the first leaves. All samples contained detectable levels of cyanide. Concentrations were low (0.15 μmol g-1 fresh weight) in cotyledons of mature M. integrifolia and M. tetraphylla seeds, corresponding to the edibility of the seeds of these commercial species, and much higher (9.6 μmol g-1) in the inedible M. ternifolia seeds. Levels in cotyledons of all three species rose dramatically during germination. Root cyanide concentrations of 6-23 μmol g-1 were measured. The immature first leaf of the commercial species contained the highest concentrations (38-77 μmol g-1). Levels decreased with leaf maturity, correlating with toughening of the leaf and possibly a consequent diminished requirement for cyanide as a herbivory deterrent. The significance of the results with respect to plant-insect interactions is discussed.

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Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of hydrogen cyanide in humans following the oral administration of potassium cyanide and cyanogenic glycosides from food

Human and Ecological Risk Assessment An International Journal ◽

10.1080/10807039.2019.1587288 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 26 (6) ◽

pp. 1496-1511 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Quoc Ba Tran ◽

Tanapon Phenrat ◽

Manupat Lohitnavy

Keyword(s):

Oral Administration ◽

Hydrogen Cyanide ◽

Potassium Cyanide ◽

Pharmacokinetic Modeling ◽

Cyanogenic Glycosides ◽

Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling ◽

Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic ◽

Physiologically Based

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ON THE SOURCE OF HYDROGEN CYANIDE IN CULTURES OF A SNOW MOLD FUNGUS

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b64-028 ◽

1964 ◽

Vol 42 (3) ◽

pp. 319-327 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

E. W. B. Ward

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Cyanide ◽

Higher Plants ◽

Cyanogenic Glycosides ◽

Snow Mold ◽

Methanol Extraction ◽

Ph Values ◽

Mold Fungus ◽

Free Hydrogen

An unidentified basidiomycete, which produces hydrogen cyanide in culture, was shown to accumulate a cyanogenic compound in growing mycelium before free hydrogen cyanide could be detected. At all phases of growth the hydrogen cyanide present in the free state was a relatively small fraction of that in the combined form. Crude preparations of the cyanogenic compound were obtained by methanol extraction of dried mycelium. It is soluble in water and methanol and moderately soluble in ethanol. In solution it is heat labile and, in contrast to cyanogenic glycosides isolated from higher plants, decomposes rapidly at pH values above 6.0. No evidence of enzymic breakdown either in vivo or in vitro was obtained.

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A recycling pathway for cyanogenic glycosides evidenced by the comparative metabolic profiling in three cyanogenic plant species

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj20150390 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 469 (3) ◽

pp. 375-389 ◽

Cited By ~ 55

Author(s):

Martina Pičmanová ◽

Elizabeth H. Neilson ◽

Mohammed S. Motawia ◽

Carl Erik Olsen ◽

Niels Agerbirk ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Species ◽

Hydrogen Cyanide ◽

Metabolic Profiling ◽

Primary Metabolism ◽

Cyanogenic Glycosides ◽

Reduced Nitrogen ◽

Recycling Pathway ◽

Comparative Metabolic Profiling

A potential recycling pathway for cyanogenic glycosides is presented wherein reduced nitrogen and carbon are recovered for primary metabolism without hydrogen cyanide (HCN) liberation. Common types of glycosylated pathway intermediates were found in three cyanogenic plant species: cassava, almond and sorghum.

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Review: Hidrogen Sianida dan Implikasinya pada Ternak

Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Peternakan Tropis ◽

10.33772/jitro.v6i2.5638 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 214

Author(s):

Yanuartono Yanuartono ◽

Soedarmanto Indarjulianto ◽

Alfarisa Nururrozi ◽

Hary Purnamaningsih

Keyword(s):

Sodium Nitrite ◽

Hydrogen Cyanide ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Sodium Thiosulfate ◽

Cyanogenic Glycosides ◽

Feed Processing ◽

Cyanide Concentration

ABSTRAK Sejumlah besar tanaman hijauan banyak mengandung glikosida sianogenik dandapat dirombak menjadi hidrogen sianida (HCN) yang bersifat toksik. Hidrogen sianida dapat menyebabkan keracunan pada manusia dan hewan.Konsentrasi HCN dalam hijauan dapat diturunkan melalui beberapa metode pengolahan seperti pengupasan, pengeringan, fermentasi, pemotongan dan penyimpanan.Gejala klinis keracunan HCN pada ruminansia dapat berupa peningkatan pulsus, sesak nafas, lemas, tremor, dilatasi pupil, kembung dan dapat menyebabkan kematian. Pengobatan dapat dilakukan dengan pemberian sodium nitrit dan sodium tiosulfat melalui injeksi intravena.Kata Kunci : glikosida sianogenik, keracunan klinis, intravenaABSTRACTA large number of forage contains cyanogenic glycosides which will be degraded into hydrogen cyanide (HCN) which are toxic. Hydrogen cyanide can cause poisoning in both animals and humans. Hydrogen cyanide concentration in the forage can be reduced through several methods of feed processing. The processing includes stripping, drying, fermentation, soaking, chopping, and storing. Clinical symptoms of HCN poisoning in ruminants are increased pulse, difficulty of breathing, weakness, tremors, pupil dilatation, bloating, and can lead to death. Treatments can be performed by administering sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate by intravenous injection.Keywords: cyanogenic glycosides, clinical poisoning, intravenous

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Storage and release of hydrogen cyanide in a chelicerate (Oribatula tibialis)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.1618327114 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 114 (13) ◽

pp. 3469-3472 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Adrian Brückner ◽

Günther Raspotnig ◽

Katja Wehner ◽

Reinhard Meusinger ◽

Roy A. Norton ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Defense ◽

Hydrogen Cyanide ◽

Oribatid Mite ◽

Chemical Stabilization ◽

Aromatic Ester ◽

Cyanogenic Glycosides ◽

Prussic Acid ◽

High Toxicity ◽

Defensive Strategy ◽

Oil Glands

Cyanogenesis denotes a chemical defensive strategy where hydrogen cyanide (HCN, hydrocyanic or prussic acid) is produced, stored, and released toward an attacking enemy. The high toxicity and volatility of HCN requires both chemical stabilization for storage and prevention of accidental self-poisoning. The few known cyanogenic animals are exclusively mandibulate arthropods (certain myriapods and insects) that store HCN as cyanogenic glycosides, lipids, or cyanohydrins. Here, we show that cyanogenesis has also evolved in the speciose Chelicerata. The oribatid mite Oribatula tibialis uses the cyanogenic aromatic ester mandelonitrile hexanoate (MNH) for HCN storage, which degrades via two different pathways, both of which release HCN. MNH is emitted from exocrine opisthonotal oil glands, which are potent organs for chemical defense in most oribatid mites.

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Occupational exposure to hydrogen cyanide during large-scale cassava processing, in Alagoas State, Brazil

Cadernos de Saúde Pública ◽

10.1590/0102-311x00073416 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 33 (7) ◽

Author(s):

Cyro Hauaji Zacarias ◽

Claudia Esteban ◽

Gilson Lucio Rodrigues ◽

Elizabeth de Souza Nascimento

Keyword(s):

Biological Monitoring ◽

Work Environment ◽

Hydrogen Cyanide ◽

Large Scale ◽

Health Concern ◽

Cyanogenic Glycosides ◽

Drastic Reduction ◽

Air Contamination ◽

Flour Production ◽

Brazilian Method

Abstract: The cassava roots used for flour production contain high amounts of cyanogenic glycosides and are, therefore, potential hydrogen cyanide (HCN) releasers. This fact is the cause of an increasing health concern in the sector of cassava processing. Brazilian workers engaged in the flour production may be chronically exposed to HCN in levels above the safety limits. This hypothesis is based on the drastic reduction in cyanide content of cassava roots during a traditional Brazilian method of processing and in the physical properties of the compound, which makes it very susceptible to volatilization and air contamination. As an attempt to explore this issue, HCN exposure in Brazilian “flour houses” was evaluated in this study through environmental and biological monitoring. Four flour houses placed in Alagoas State, Brazil, were investigated. The results indicated that the cassava processors are chronically exposed to HCN at average levels between 0.464 and 3.328mg/m3 (TWA), in the work environment. This range is below the TLV-C of 5mg/m3 but not below the Action Level of 2.5mg/m3. These data may be interpreted as a possible risk to susceptible individuals. Additionally, the biological monitoring indicated a high cyanide exposure in the population study, considering urinary thiocyanate (SCN-) levels.

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Hydrogen Cyanide Polymers from the Impact of Comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 on Jupiter

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s025292110001469x ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 161 ◽

pp. 179-187

Author(s):

Clifford N. Matthews ◽

Rose A. Pesce-Rodriguez ◽

Shirley A. Liebman

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Solar System ◽

Hydrogen Cyanide ◽

Nitrogen Heterocycles ◽

Laboratory Studies ◽

Heterogeneous Solids ◽

The Many ◽

Comet Halley ◽

The Impact ◽

By Products

AbstractHydrogen cyanide polymers – heterogeneous solids ranging in color from yellow to orange to brown to black – may be among the organic macromolecules most readily formed within the Solar System. The non-volatile black crust of comet Halley, for example, as well as the extensive orangebrown streaks in the atmosphere of Jupiter, might consist largely of such polymers synthesized from HCN formed by photolysis of methane and ammonia, the color observed depending on the concentration of HCN involved. Laboratory studies of these ubiquitous compounds point to the presence of polyamidine structures synthesized directly from hydrogen cyanide. These would be converted by water to polypeptides which can be further hydrolyzed to α-amino acids. Black polymers and multimers with conjugated ladder structures derived from HCN could also be formed and might well be the source of the many nitrogen heterocycles, adenine included, observed after pyrolysis. The dark brown color arising from the impacts of comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 on Jupiter might therefore be mainly caused by the presence of HCN polymers, whether originally present, deposited by the impactor or synthesized directly from HCN. Spectroscopic detection of these predicted macromolecules and their hydrolytic and pyrolytic by-products would strengthen significantly the hypothesis that cyanide polymerization is a preferred pathway for prebiotic and extraterrestrial chemistry.

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