PHYTONCIDES IN THE COMPOSITION OF COMMON BIRD CHERRY

Everyone knows that forest air is very good for health, and one of the most important reasons for this is the presence of phytoncides in it, which kill or suppress pathogens and have a healing effect. Also, phytoncides are one of the factors of the natural immunity of plants (plants sterilize themselves with the products of their vital activity). Their large number is allocated by plants. One of them is the common bird cherry. Cherry-a representative of the genus of plums of the Rosaceae family. The view includes low trees and shrubs. Cheremukha-forest orderly. Its flowers and leaves are rich in phytoncides, thanks to which they exude an alluring aroma. However, when they break down, they release prussic acid, which is dangerous for all living things. This gave them the opportunity to attract and destroy pests. Phytoncides are volatile biologically active substances formed by plants that kill or inhibit the growth and development of bacteria, microscopic fungi, and protozoa. In addition to all of the above, bird cherry has exceptional properties. The strong, somewhat intoxicating scent of flowers and leaves cleanses the air of germs. Antimicrobial properties of phytoncides have led to a large number of studies on their use in medicine, veterinary medicine, plant protection, storage of fruit and vegetable products, in the food industry and other areas of practice. Almost all parts of the plant have bactericidal, fungicidal and insecticidal properties. In folk medicine, bird cherry has long been used as an astringent, fixing, anti-inflammatory and anti-scurvy agent. Bird cherry produces the most powerful phytoncides containing prussic acid. Protozoa die under the influence of bird cherry phytoncides in 5 minutes. On the basis of numerous studies, the time of death of protozoa after noncontact exposure to phytoncidal plants has been established. Especially a lot of phytoncides are released by young leaves in spring and summer, in autumn phytoncides are released much less. The presence of tannins and essential oil in the fruit has an anti-inflammatory effect, which is used to treat inflammatory processes in the gastrointestinal tract and dysentery. The infusion of cherry fruits has a destructive effect on microorganisms. Preparations of the fruits of the common cherry have an antiseptic effect. They are used in dental practice in the treatment of inflammatory processes of the oral mucosa, paradontosis, toothache and hypovitaminosis.

Minimizing HCN in DIC/Oxyma Mediated Amide Bond Forming Reactions

<p>Aiming at advancing protocols for safer, environmentally sensible peptide synthesis we report our findings with regards to the occurrence of hydrogen cyanide (HCN, prussic acid) in amide bond forming reactions mediated by diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC) and ethyl (hydroxyimino)cyanoacetate (Oxyma). We have determined that HCN is always formed in amide bond forming reactions on solid support in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) when employing DIC/Oxyma. In an attempt to minimize the formation of prussic acid by means of preventing the linear DIC/Oxyma adduct <b>2</b> from cyclizing to oxadiazole <b>3</b> and in turn releasing HCN, we evaluated a series of greener solvents such as N-butylpyrrolidinone (NBP), NBP/ethyl acetate (EtOAc, 1:1), methyl 5-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-5-oxopentanoate (PolarClean, PC), and PC/EtOAc (1:1). We found that the ratio between <b>2</b> and <b>3</b> greatly depends on the solvent used and consequently, we further examined DMF, NBP, NBP/EtOAc (1:1) and NBP/EtOAc (1:4) as solvents for DIC/Oxyma mediated amidations on solid support and in solution. We found that using carboxylic acid/Oxyma/DIC in a 1:1:1 ratio the rate of HCN formation decreases in the following order DMF>NBP>NBP/EtOAc (1:1)>NBP/EtOAc (1:4) while the reaction rate increases in order of DMF~NBPin situ scavenging of the HCN formed. We carried out DIC/Oxyma mediated amidation of Fmoc-Gly-OH + (S)-(-)-1-phenylethylamine in DMF-d₇ with 0, 5 and 10 equiv of dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS) as HCN scavenger. The formation of HCN and rate of amidation was monitored by ¹H NMR, revealing that DMTS scavenges HCN without inhibiting the rate of amidation. DIC/Oxyma mediated amidations of Fmoc‑Ser(<i>t</i>‑Bu)‑OH with (S)-(‑)-1-phenylethylamine in DMF and NBP/EtOAc (1:4) with and without 10 equiv of DMTS were carried out and found to be comparable.</p>

Minimizing HCN in DIC/Oxyma Mediated Amide Bond Forming Reactions

<p>Aiming at advancing protocols for safer, environmentally sensible peptide synthesis we report our findings with regards to the occurrence of hydrogen cyanide (HCN, prussic acid) in amide bond forming reactions mediated by diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC) and ethyl (hydroxyimino)cyanoacetate (Oxyma). We have determined that HCN is always formed in amide bond forming reactions on solid support in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) when employing DIC/Oxyma. In an attempt to minimize the formation of prussic acid by means of preventing the linear DIC/Oxyma adduct <b>2</b> from cyclizing to oxadiazole <b>3</b> and in turn releasing HCN, we evaluated a series of greener solvents such as N-butylpyrrolidinone (NBP), NBP/ethyl acetate (EtOAc, 1:1), methyl 5-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-5-oxopentanoate (PolarClean, PC), and PC/EtOAc (1:1). We found that the ratio between <b>2</b> and <b>3</b> greatly depends on the solvent used and consequently, we further examined DMF, NBP, NBP/EtOAc (1:1) and NBP/EtOAc (1:4) as solvents for DIC/Oxyma mediated amidations on solid support and in solution. We found that using carboxylic acid/Oxyma/DIC in a 1:1:1 ratio the rate of HCN formation decreases in the following order DMF>NBP>NBP/EtOAc (1:1)>NBP/EtOAc (1:4) while the reaction rate increases in order of DMF~NBPin situ scavenging of the HCN formed. We carried out DIC/Oxyma mediated amidation of Fmoc-Gly-OH + (S)-(-)-1-phenylethylamine in DMF-d₇ with 0, 5 and 10 equiv of dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS) as HCN scavenger. The formation of HCN and rate of amidation was monitored by ¹H NMR, revealing that DMTS scavenges HCN without inhibiting the rate of amidation. DIC/Oxyma mediated amidations of Fmoc‑Ser(<i>t</i>‑Bu)‑OH with (S)-(‑)-1-phenylethylamine in DMF and NBP/EtOAc (1:4) with and without 10 equiv of DMTS were carried out and found to be comparable.</p>

Content of Prussic Acid and Production of Sorghum Brown Midrib by Adding Urea Fertilizer and Extending Harvesting Time

The aimed of this study to determine the effect of adding urea fertilizer (0, 50, and 100 kg/ha) and harvesting time (50, 80 and days) on prussic acid content and production of the brown midrib (BMR) sorghum plants. This study design was completely randomized factorial 3 x 3. The variables measured were prussic acid content, fresh yield, the production of dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM). The results showed that content of prussic acid increased and highly significant with the addition of urea. The fresh yield of BMR sorghum is highest in the fertilization of 50 kg/ha and at the harvesting time 80 days. The highest DM production at fertilization 0 kg/ha and harvesting time 110 day. OM production of the highest is the addition of fertilizer 0 kg/ ha and at the harvesting time on 80 days. From the results of this study concluded that on harvesting time 80 day sorghum BMR have produces optimum and addition of urea to a level of 100 kg/ha did not affect the content of prussic acid, fresh yield, DM and OM.

The Effect of Variety and Harvesting Time of Sorghum Planted in Stylosanthes Pasture on Growth, Production and Prussic Acid Content

This research was aimed to determine the growth, production and prussic acid content of sorghum variety that planted on stylosanthes pasture with different harvesting time. This research was done using split-plot design with three replications which sorghum variety (brown midrib resistance (BMR) and Super-2) as the main plot and harvesting time (6, 8 and 10 weeks) as the sub plot. The sorghum seeds were germinated for 12 days before planted on the 30 days stylosanthes pasture which was planted with planting space 25 x 25 cm. Sorghum was planted with planting space 75 x 25 cm. The variables observed were plants height, dry and organic matter production and prussic acid. Data obtained were analyzed statistically using analysis of variance and significantly different between means were tested with Duncan's New Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Sorghum BMR had plant height, dry and organic matter production higher (P<0.05) than Super-2. Prussic acid content of BMR was lower (P<0.05) than Super-2. The older harvesting time increase (P<0.05) plant height, dry matter and organic production, but reduced (P<0.05) prussic acid content from 727.34 mg/kg to 241.71 mg/kg. Based on the results it can be concluded that the oldest harvesting time (10 weeks) produced the highest dry and organic matter, and reduce prussic acid content. Sorghum BMR is more productive and grew faster than Super-2. Sorghum BMR that harvested in 10-week shows the best in growth and productivity also had lower prussic acid content.