Restriction-site associated DNA sequencing supports a sister group relationship of Nigritella and Gymnadenia (Orchidaceae)

Insects of the order Phasmatodea are mainly distributed in the tropics and subtropics and are best known for their remarkable camouflage as plants. In this study, we sequenced three complete mitochondrial genomes from three different families: Orestes guangxiensis, Peruphasma schultei, and Phryganistria guangxiensis. The lengths of the three mitochondrial genomes were 15,896 bp, 16,869 bp, and 17,005 bp, respectively, and the gene composition and structure of the three stick insects were identical to those of the most recent common ancestor of insects. The phylogenetic relationships among stick insects have been chaotic for a long time. In order to discuss the intra- and inter-ordinal relationship of Phasmatodea, we used the 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs) of 85 species for maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) analyses. Results showed that the internal topological structure of Phasmatodea had a few differences in both ML and BI trees and long-branch attraction (LBA) appeared between Embioptera and Zoraptera, which led to a non-monophyletic Phasmatodea. Consequently, after removal of the Embioptera and Zoraptera species, we re-performed ML and BI analyses with the remaining 81 species, which showed identical topology except for the position of Tectarchus ovobessus (Phasmatodea). We recovered the monophyly of Phasmatodea and the sister-group relationship between Phasmatodea and Mantophasmatodea. Our analyses also recovered the monophyly of Heteropterygidae and the paraphyly of Diapheromeridae, Phasmatidae, Lonchodidae, Lonchodinae, and Clitumninae. In this study, Peruphasma schultei (Pseudophasmatidae), Phraortes sp. YW-2014 (Lonchodidae), and species of Diapheromeridae clustered into the clade of Phasmatidae. Within Heteropterygidae, O. guangxiensis was the sister clade to O. mouhotii belonging to Dataminae, and the relationship of (Heteropteryginae + (Dataminae + Obriminae)) was recovered.

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The phylogenetic position of the tuatara, Sphenodon (Sphenodontida, Amniota), as indicated by cladistic analysis of the ultrastructure of spermatozoa

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rstb.1992.0019 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 335 (1274) ◽

pp. 207-219 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Keyword(s):

Cladistic Analysis ◽

Sister Group ◽

Sister Taxon ◽

Phylogenetic Position ◽

Sister Group Relationship ◽

Usual Concept ◽

Cladistic Analyses ◽

Relationship Of

Sphenodon has traditionally been regarded as a little changed survivor of the Permo-Triassic thecodont or eosuchian ‘stem reptiles’ but has alternatively been placed in the Lepidosauria as the plesiomorphic or even apomorphic sister-taxon of the squamates. A cladistic analysis of 16 characters from spermatozoal ultrastructure of Sphenodon and other amniotes unequivocally confirms its exceedingly primitive status. The analysis suggests that monotremes are the sister-group of birds; squamates form the sister-group of a bird + monotreme clade while the three sister-groups successively below the bird + monotreme + squa- mate assemblage are the caiman, the tuatara and the outgroup (turtles). The monotreme + bird couplet, supports the concept of the Haemothermia, but can only be regarded heuristically. The usual concept of mammals as a synapsid-derived outgroup of all other extant amniotes is not substantiated spermatologically. All cladistic analyses made, and a separate consideration of apomorphies, indicate that Sphenodon is spermatologically the most primitive amniote, excepting the Chelonia. It is advanced (apomorphic) for the amniotes in only two of the 16 spermatozoal characters considered. A close, sister-group relationship of Sphenodon with squamates is not endorsed.

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The phylogenetic relationships of the two-winged South American Leptophlebiidae genera revisited with first description of the male imago of Bessierus Thomas & Orth (Insecta: Ephemeroptera)

Zootaxa ◽

10.11646/zootaxa.4674.3.6 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4674 (3) ◽

pp. 375-385

Author(s):

EDUARDO DOMÍNGUEZ ◽

MARÍA GABRIELA CUEZZO ◽

SIMÓN CLAVIER

Keyword(s):

Sister Group ◽

Sister Group Relationship ◽

South American ◽

Phylogenetic Hypothesis ◽

New Information ◽

Statistical Support ◽

The Stability ◽

New Diagnosis ◽

Relationship Of ◽

First Time

Four of the 43 genera of South American Leptophlebiidae are dipterous. A previous phylogenetic hypothesis supported that clade Askola+Hagenulopsis, and that Bessierus+Perissophlebiodes, are sister groups of the Farrodes complex. Adults of Bessierus and Perissophlebiodes were not known but posteriorly Perissophlebiodes male imago was described. Here, we describe the male imago of Bessierus for the first time. Both genera share, besides the absence of the hind wings, the asymmetrical fork of MA, symmetrical fork of MP, dissimilar tarsal claws, and forceps sockets fused. Along with the description of the imago, a new diagnosis for the genus Bessierus is presented, also updating the identification key with this new information. A new cladistics analysis is performed to test the stability of the proposed relationships of these four genera within Leptophlebiidae. We obtained a single cladistic hypothesis where the addition of Bessierus adult characters resulted in new synapomorphies for the (Bessierus, Perissophlebiodes) clade, and improved its clade statistical support. The fused forceps sockets resulted in a synapomorphy uniting Bessierus, Perissophlebiodes and Simothraulopsis. As a result of this new analysis, the hypothesis of independent losses of the hind wings in the two dipterous groups studied is supported. The Farrodes lineage is not supported as proposed in previous studies, being restricted only to (Farrodes (Simothraulopsis, Homothraulus)) while the identity of “Perissophlebiodes lineage” is supported. The sister group relationship of Rondophlebia is not clearly defined.

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Inheritance and diversification of symbiotic trichonymphid flagellates from a common ancestor of termites and the cockroach Cryptocercus

Proceedings of The Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rspb.2008.1094 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 276 (1655) ◽

pp. 239-245 ◽

Cited By ~ 61

Author(s):

Moriya Ohkuma ◽

Satoko Noda ◽

Yuichi Hongoh ◽

Christine A Nalepa ◽

Tetsushi Inoue

Keyword(s):

Molecular Phylogeny ◽

Common Ancestor ◽

Sister Group ◽

Small Subunit ◽

Sister Group Relationship ◽

Small Subunit Rrna ◽

Family Level ◽

Cryptocercus Punctulatus ◽

Relationship Of ◽

Comprehensive Study

Cryptocercus cockroaches and lower termites harbour obligate, diverse and unique symbiotic cellulolytic flagellates in their hindgut that are considered critical in the development of social behaviour in their hosts. However, there has been controversy concerning the origin of these symbiotic flagellates. Here, molecular sequences encoding small subunit rRNA and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were identified in the symbiotic flagellates of the order Trichonymphida (phylum Parabasalia) in the gut of Cryptocercus punctulatus and compared phylogenetically to the corresponding species in termites. In each of the monophyletic lineages that represent family-level groups in Trichonymphida, the symbionts of Cryptocercus were robustly sister to those of termites. Together with the recent evidence for the sister-group relationship of the host insects, this first comprehensive study comparing symbiont molecular phylogeny strongly suggests that a set of symbiotic flagellates representative of extant diversity was already established in an ancestor common to Cryptocercus and termites, was vertically transmitted to their offspring, and subsequently became diversified to distinct levels, depending on both the host and the symbiont lineages.

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Paraphyly of Chinese Amolops (Anura, Ranidae) and phylogenetic position of the rare Chinese frog, Amolops tormotus

Zootaxa ◽

10.11646/zootaxa.1531.1.4 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 1531 (1) ◽

pp. 49-55 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

HONG-XIA CAI ◽

JING CHE ◽

JUN-FENG PANG ◽

ER-MI ZHAO ◽

YA-PING ZHANG

Keyword(s):

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Sister Group ◽

Phylogenetic Position ◽

12S Rrna ◽

Sister Group Relationship ◽

Likelihood Methods ◽

New Classification ◽

Maximum Likelihood Methods ◽

Species Groups ◽

Relationship Of

In order to evaluate the five species groups of Chinese Amolops based on morphological characteristics, and to clarify the phylogenetic position of the concave-eared torrent frog Amolops tormotus, we investigated the phylogeny of Amolops by maximum parsimony, Bayesian Inference, and maximum likelihood methods using two mitochondrial DNA fragments (12S rRNA, 16S rRNA). Our results supported a sister group relationship of Amolops ricketti and Amolops hainanensis. However, the grouping of Amolops mantzorum and Amolops monticola needs to be resolved with more data. Amolops tormotus was nested in genus Odorrana. Thus, recognition of the A. tormotus group is unwarranted and A. tormotus should be referred to genus Odorrana as O. tormota. This species is the sister group of O. nasica plus O. versabilis. The new classification implies that the genus Wurana is to be considered as junior subjective synonym of Odorrana.

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From variable to constant cell numbers: cellular characteristics of the arthropod nervous system argue against a sister-group relationship of Chelicerata and ?Myriapoda? but favour the Mandibulata concept

Development Genes and Evolution ◽

10.1007/s00427-004-0451-z ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 215 (2) ◽

pp. 53-68 ◽

Cited By ~ 72

Author(s):

Steffen Harzsch ◽

Carsten H. G. M�ller ◽

Harald Wolf

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Sister Group ◽

Sister Group Relationship ◽

Cell Numbers ◽

Constant Cell ◽

Relationship Of

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Serotonin-immunoreactive neurons in the ventral nerve cord of Remipedia (Crustacea): support for a sister group relationship of Remipedia and Hexapoda?

BMC Evolutionary Biology ◽

10.1186/1471-2148-13-119 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 119 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Torben Stemme ◽

Thomas M Iliffe ◽

Björn M von Reumont ◽

Stefan Koenemann ◽

Steffen Harzsch ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nerve Cord ◽

Ventral Nerve Cord ◽

Sister Group ◽

Sister Group Relationship ◽

Relationship Of

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Are there butterflies with Gondwanan ancestry in the Australian region?

Invertebrate Systematics ◽

10.1071/is02021 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 143 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Rienk de Jong

Keyword(s):

Sister Group ◽

The Other ◽

Sister Group Relationship ◽

Australian Region ◽

Higher Taxa ◽

Endemic Genera ◽

C 30 ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship ◽

Molecular Characters

A sister-group relationship of endemic taxa in at least two Gondwanan fragments is considered an indication of a possible Gondwanan ancestry. Without a test of the age of the relationship, such an ancestry remains hypothetical. The relationships of all genera and higher taxa endemic to the Australian region with endemic taxa in other fragments of Gondwana are tested. Out of a total of 207 butterfly genera, 96 genera are endemic. Such a relationship is supported by morphological and molecular characters in a number of analyses in only one case(Cressida with Euryades, in South America). Application of a molecular clock, however, shows the relationship to be not older than c. 30 million years, too young to be the result of the break-up of Gondwana. The other endemic genera generally point to a relationship with the Oriental region, but the relationships of a few genera are still obscure. Consequently, claims of a Gondwanan ancestry in butterflies of the Australian region are ill founded. If such an ancestry exists, it has been obscured by later dispersals and extinctions.

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