Ghrelin Restores Both Decreased Frequency of Phase III-Like Contractions in the Gastrointestinal Tract and Delayed Gastric Emptying in Rats Administered Urocortin 1

The effects of wheat bran and pectin on the gastrointestinal distribution of a radiolabelled, homogenized baked-bean meal were investigated in the rat. These fibres were chosen because of their very different physical characteristics; wheat bran is a coarse, particulate, mainly insoluble fibre whilst pectin is a soluble viscous polysaccharide. Sixty male rats were administered orally with control or test meals and five from each group were killed after 50, 100, 200 and 300 min. The gut was removed and the distribution of the meal established scintigraphically. Addition of the fibres altered the distribution of the meal with faster accumulation at the distal and caecal areas. Wheat bran delayed gastric emptying whilst pectin promoted gastric emptying and had a pronounced effect on increasing the distal accumulation of the meal. These alterations in the distribution of a homogenized baked bean meal show that dietary fibres with different physical characteristics may alter gastrointestinal motility in different ways and these differences may have implications for meal absorption and clinical treatments of gastrointestinal disorders.

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Urocortin 2 acts centrally to delay gastric emptying through sympathetic pathways while CRF and urocortin 1 inhibitory actions are vagal dependent in rats

AJP Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpgi.00289.2005 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 290 (3) ◽

pp. G511-G518 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

József Czimmer ◽

Mulugeta Million ◽

Yvette Taché

Keyword(s):

Gastric Emptying ◽

Receptor Agonist ◽

Inhibitory Action ◽

Delayed Gastric Emptying ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Corticotropin Releasing Factor ◽

Phenol Red ◽

Sympathetic Blockade ◽

Intracisternal Injection ◽

Urocortin 1

We characterized the influence of the selective corticotropin-releasing factor 2 (CRF2) receptor agonist human urocortin 2 (Ucn 2), injected intracisternally, on gastric emptying and its mechanism of action compared with intracisternal CRF or urocortin (Ucn 1) in conscious rats. The methylcellulose phenol red solution was gavaged 20 min after peptide injection, and gastric emptying was measured 20 min later. The intracisternal injection of Ucn 2 (0.1 and 1 μg) and Ucn 1 (1 μg) decreased gastric emptying to 37.8 ± 6.9%, 23.1 ± 8.6%, and 21.6 ± 5.9%, respectively, compared with 58.4 ± 3.8% after intracisternal vehicle. At lower doses, Ucn 2 (0.03 μg) and Ucn 1 (0.1 μg) had no effect. The CRF2 antagonist astressin2-B (3 μg ic) antagonized intracisternal Ucn 2 (0.1 μg) and CRF (0.3 μg)-induced inhibition of gastric emptying. Vagotomy enhanced intracisternal Ucn 2 (0.1 or 1 μg)-induced inhibition of gastric emptying compared with sham-operated group, whereas it blocked intracisternal CRF (1 μg) inhibitory action (45.5 ± 8.4% vs. 9.7 ± 9.7%). Sympathetic blockade by bretylium prevented intracisternal and intracerebroventricular Ucn 2-induced delayed gastric emptying, whereas it did not influence intravenous Ucn 2-, intracisternal CRF-, and intracisternal Ucn 1-induced inhibition of gastric emptying. Prazosin abolished the intracisternal Ucn 2 inhibitory effect, whereas yohimbine and propranolol did not. None of the pretreatments modified basal gastric emptying. These data indicate that intracisternal Ucn 2 induced a central CRF2-mediated inhibition of gastric emptying involving sympathetic α1-adrenergic mechanisms independent from the vagus contrasting with the vagal-dependent inhibitory actions of CRF and Ucn 1.

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Effect of gastric acid suppressants on human gastric motility

Gut ◽

10.1136/gut.42.2.243 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 42 (2) ◽

pp. 243-250 ◽

Cited By ~ 129

Author(s):

H P Parkman ◽

J-L C Urbain ◽

L C Knight ◽

K L Brown ◽

D M Trate ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gastric Emptying ◽

Gastric Acid ◽

Gastric Motility ◽

Delayed Gastric Emptying ◽

Normal Subjects ◽

Phase Iii ◽

Motility Index ◽

Intravenous Saline ◽

Antroduodenal Manometry ◽

Therapeutic Doses

Background—The effect of histamine H2receptor antagonists on gastric emptying is controversial.Aims—To determine the effects of ranitidine, famotidine, and omeprazole on gastric motility and emptying.Patients and methods—Fifteen normal subjects underwent simultaneous antroduodenal manometry, electrogastrography (EGG), and gastric emptying with dynamic antral scintigraphy (DAS). After 30 minutes of fasting manometry and EGG recording, subjects received either intravenous saline, ranitidine, or famotidine, followed by another 30 minutes recording and then three hours of postprandial recording after ingestion of a radiolabelled meal. Images were obtained every 10–15 minutes for three hours to measure gastric emptying and assess antral contractility. Similar testing was performed after omeprazole 20 mg daily for one week.Results—Fasting antral phase III migrating motor complexes (MMCs) were more common after ranitidine (9/15 subjects, 60%), famotidine (12/15, 80%), and omeprazole (8/12, 67%) compared with placebo (4/14, 29%; p<0.05). Postprandially, ranitidine, famotidine, and omeprazole slowed gastric emptying, increased the amplitude of DAS contractions, increased the EGG power, and increased the antral manometric motility index.Conclusions—Suppression of gastric acid secretion with therapeutic doses of gastric acid suppressants is associated with delayed gastric emptying but increased antral motility.

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Sarcina Organisms in the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract: A Report of 3 Cases With Varying Presentations

International Journal of Surgical Pathology ◽

10.1177/1066896919873715 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

pp. 206-209

Author(s):

Robert Propst ◽

Laura Denham ◽

Jeremy K. Deisch ◽

Tejinder Kalra ◽

Salman Zaheer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Gastric Emptying ◽

Delayed Gastric Emptying ◽

Gastric Perforation ◽

Upper Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Histopathologic Examination ◽

Clinical Presentations ◽

Emphysematous Gastritis ◽

Upper Gastrointestinal ◽

Gram Positive Cocci

Sarcina species are anaerobic gram-positive cocci rarely seen in the upper gastrointestinal tract and associated with delayed gastric emptying. We present 3 cases of Sarcina infection with varying clinical presentations including the first reported case of Sarcina in a patient with eosinophilic esophagitis. Although the pathogenesis of Sarcina is unclear, awareness of the bacteria is important as they can usually only be detected on histopathologic examination of upper gastrointestinal biopsies. Treatment in symptomatic patients may prevent severe complications such as emphysematous gastritis and gastric perforation.

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Gastric myoelectric and motor activity in dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus

AJP Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpgi.1993.265.4.g646 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 265 (4) ◽

pp. G646-G653

Author(s):

J. A. Hall ◽

T. N. Solie ◽

H. B. Seim ◽

D. C. Twedt

Keyword(s):

Wave Propagation ◽

Gastric Emptying ◽

Slow Wave ◽

Propagation Velocity ◽

Delayed Gastric Emptying ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Phase Iii ◽

Gastric Dilatation ◽

Wave Propagation Velocity ◽

Gastric Slow Wave

Electrical and contractile properties of the stomach were assessed in six adult dogs after recovery from surgical treatment for gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV), a disorder characterized by delayed gastric emptying of the solid phase. Electrodes and strain-gauge force transducers were sutured to the serosa of the antrum and pylorus at the time of surgical intervention for GDV. Ten days after implantation, electrical and mechanical activities were recorded before and after a standardized meal. The analog FM tape recordings of the electrical and mechanical signals were converted to digital time series for analysis by computer. Recordings from dogs after GDV showed increased slow wave propagation velocity in both the fasting and the fed states compared with controls. In addition, the GDV dogs had atypical fasting state phase III activity fronts. We found no difference in gastric slow wave frequency, dysrhythmia, or electromechanical coupling between the two groups. These results indicate that delayed gastric emptying in this syndrome is associated with increased gastric slow wave propagation velocity.

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Effects of repeated restraint stress on gastric motility in rats

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.90928.2008 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 296 (5) ◽

pp. R1358-R1365 ◽

Cited By ~ 68

Author(s):

Jun Zheng ◽

Anthony Dobner ◽

Reji Babygirija ◽

Kirk Ludwig ◽

Toku Takahashi

Keyword(s):

Gastric Emptying ◽

Chronic Stress ◽

Gastric Motility ◽

Restraint Stress ◽

Delayed Gastric Emptying ◽

Acute Stress ◽

Plasma Corticosterone ◽

Phase Iii ◽

Adaptation Mechanism ◽

Upper Gastrointestinal

In our daily life, individuals encounter with various types of stress. Accumulation of daily life stress (chronic stress) often causes gastrointestinal symptoms and functional gastrointestinal diseases. Although some can adapt toward chronic stress, the adaptation mechanism against chronic stress remains unknown. Although acute stress delays gastric emptying and alters upper gastrointestinal motility, effects of chronic stress on gastric motility still remain unclear. We investigated the effects of acute (single stress) and chronic (repeated stress for 5 consecutive days) stress on solid gastric emptying and interdigestive gastroduodenal contractions in rats. It is well established that acute restraint stress inhibits solid gastric emptying via central corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF). To investigate whether the sensitivity to CRF is altered following chronic stress, CRF was administered intracisternally. Ghrelin is involved in regulating gastric emptying and upper gastrointestinal motility in rodents. The changes in plasma active ghrelin levels and mRNA expression in the stomach were studied following chronic stress. To evaluate the effects of chronic stress on the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, plasma corticosterone levels were also measured. Delayed gastric emptying observed in acute stress was completely restored following chronic stress. Acute stress abolished gastric phase III-like contractions, without affecting duodenal phase III-like contractions in the interdigestive state. Impaired gastric phase III-like contractions were also restored following chronic stress. Plasma ghrelin levels and ghrelin mRNA expression were increased significantly after chronic stress. Intracisternal injection of CRF delayed gastric emptying and impaired gastric motility in rats who received chronic stress. Plasma corticosterone concentrations were no more elevated following chronic stress. The restored gastric emptying following chronic stress was antagonized by the administration of ghrelin receptor antagonists. The adaptation mechanism may involve upregulation of ghrelin expression and attenuation of the HPA axis. In contrast, the sensitivity to central CRF remained unaltered following chronic stress in rats.

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