Phosphorus solubility and release kinetics as a function of soil test P concentration

Soil test phosphorus (P) concentration has a major influence on the dissolved P concentration in runoff from agricultural soils. Thus, trends in soil test P partly determine the development of pollution potential of agricultural activities. We reviewed the changes of soil test P and P balances in Finnish agriculture, and assessed the current setting of P loss potential after two Agri-Environmental Programs. Phosphorus balance of the Finnish agriculture has decreased from +35 kg ha1 of the 1980s to about +8 kg P ha1 today. As a consequence, the 50-yr upward trend in soil test P concentrations has probably levelled out in the late 1990s, as suggested by sampling of about 1600 fields and by a modelling exercise. For the majority of our agricultural soils, soil test P concentrations are currently at a level at which annual P fertilization is unlikely to give measurable yield responses. Soils that benefit from annual P applications are more often found in farms specialized in cereal production, whereas farms specialized in non-cereal plant production and animal production have higher soil test P concentrations. An imbalance in P cycling between plant (feed) and animal production is obvious, and regional imbalances are a result of concentration of animal farms in some parts of the country. A major concern in future will be the fate of manure P in those regions where animal production intensity is further increasing.;

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Corn Stover Removal Responses on Soil Test P and K Levels in Coastal Plain Ultisols

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13084401 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (8) ◽

pp. 4401

Author(s):

Jeffrey M. Novak ◽

James R. Frederick ◽

Don W. Watts ◽

Thomas F. Ducey ◽

Douglas L. Karlen

Keyword(s):

Coastal Plain ◽

Nutrient Removal ◽

Fertilizer Application ◽

First Year ◽

Soil Test ◽

Concentration Data ◽

Extractable P ◽

K Fertilizer ◽

Soil Test P ◽

K Concentration

Corn (Zea mays L.) stover is used as a biofuel feedstock in the U.S. Selection of stover harvest rates for soils is problematic, however, because excessive stover removal may have consequences on plant available P and K concentrations. Our objective was to quantify stover harvest impacts on topsoil P and K contents in the southeastern U.S. Coastal Plain Ultisols. Five stover harvest rates (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% by wt) were removed for five years from replicated plots. Grain and stover mass with P and K concentration data were used to calculate nutrient removal. Mehlich 1 (M1)-extractable P and K concentrations were used to monitor changes within the soils. Grain alone removed 13–15 kg ha−1 P and 15–18 kg ha−1 K each year, resulting in a cumulative removal of 70 and 85 kg ha−1 or 77 and 37% of the P and K fertilizer application, respectively. Harvesting stover increased nutrient removal such that when combined with grain removed, a cumulative total of 95% of the applied P and 126% of fertilizer K were taken away. This caused M1 P and K levels to decline significantly in the first year and even with annual fertilization to remain relatively static thereafter. For these Ultisols, we conclude that P and K fertilizer recommendations should be fine-tuned for P and K removed with grain and stover harvesting and that stover harvest of >50% by weight will significantly decrease soil test M1 P and K contents.

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EFFECTS OF NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS, POTASSIUM, AND MANURE FACTORIALLY APPLIED TO POTATOES IN A LONG-TERM STUDY

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/cjss73-031 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 53 (2) ◽

pp. 205-211 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

W. N. BLACK ◽

R. P. WHITE

Keyword(s):

Solanum Tuberosum L ◽

Starch Content ◽

Leaf Tissue ◽

Soil Test ◽

Term Study ◽

Long Term Study ◽

Soil Test P ◽

Yield Responses ◽

Nitrogen Phosphorus

The effects of N, P, K, and manure factorially applied to potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) yields, starch content, and soil and tissue nutrient levels were evaluated on continuous plots over 12 yr in a 4-yr potato, grain, hay, hay rotation. Although yield responses were observed with N, P, and K applications, manure application substantially increased yields above yield levels due to applied N, P, and K. Increasing rates of KCl strongly depressed tuber starch contents. Soil test P and K levels increased with repeated fertility applications, and leaf tissue levels were increased with N, P, and K treatments.

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Effect on Colwell soil-test P of storing air-dry soil samples at room temperature for up to seventeen years

European Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.1111/j.1365-2389.1994.tb00486.x ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 45 (1) ◽

pp. 53-57

Author(s):

M.D.A. BOLLAND ◽

J. DHALIWAL ◽

J.W. BOWDEN ◽

D.G. ALLEN

Keyword(s):

Room Temperature ◽

Soil Samples ◽

Soil Test ◽

Soil Test P ◽

Dry Soil

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Relationship of soil phosphorus fractions to phosphorus soil tests and fertilizer response

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/s02-079 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 83 (4) ◽

pp. 443-449 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

R. H. McKenzie ◽

E. Bremer

Keyword(s):

Available P ◽

Soil Test ◽

Strongly Correlated ◽

P Fractions ◽

Soil Tests ◽

Fertilizer Response ◽

Inorganic P ◽

Soil P ◽

P Fertilizer ◽

Soil Test P

Soil tests for available P may not be accurate because they do not measure the appropriate P fraction in soil. A sequential extraction technique (modified Hedley method) was used to determine if soil test P methods were accurately assessing available pools and if predictions of fertilizer response could be improved by the inclusion of other soil P fractions. A total of 145 soils were analyzed from field P fertilizer experiments conducted across Alberta from 1991 to 1993. Inorganic P (Pi) removed by extraction with an anion-exchange resin (resin P) was highly correlated with the Olsen and Kelowna-type soil test P methods and had a similar relationship with P fertilizer response. No appreciable improvement in the fit of available P with P fertilizer response was achieved by including any of the less available P fractions in the regression of P fertilizer response with available P. Little Pi was extractable in alkaline solutions (bicarbonate and NaOH), particularly in soils from the Brown and Dark Brown soil zones. Alkaline fractions were the most closely related to resin P, but the relationship depended on soil zone. Inorganic P extractable in dilute HCl was most strongly correlated with soil pH, reflecting accumulation in calcareous soils, while Pi extractable in concentrated acids (HCl and H2SO4) was most strongly correlated with clay concentration. A positive but weak relationship as observed between these fractions and resin P. Complete fractionation of soil P confirmed that soil test P methods were assessing exchangeable, plant-available P. Key words: Hedley phosphorus fractionation, resin, Olsen, Kelowna

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Phosphorus and Potassium Fertilizer Application Strategies in Corn–Soybean Rotations

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy8090195 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (9) ◽

pp. 195 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Timothy Boring ◽

Kurt Thelen ◽

James Board ◽

Jason De Bruin ◽

Chad Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Seed Yield ◽

Soybean Seed ◽

Fertilizer Application ◽

High Yield ◽

Yield Response ◽

Soil Test ◽

Soil Test P ◽

Corn Grain ◽

Corn Grain Yield

To determine if current university fertilizer rate and timing recommendations pose a limitation to high-yield corn (Zea mays subsp. mays) and soybean (Glycine max) production, this study compared annual Phosphorous (P) and Potassium (K) fertilizer applications to biennial fertilizer applications, applied at 1× and 2× recommended rates in corn–soybean rotations located in Minnesota (MN), Iowa (IA), Michigan (MI), Arkansas (AR), and Louisiana (LA). At locations with either soil test P or K in the sub-optimal range, corn grain yield was significantly increased with fertilizer application at five of sixteen site years, while soybean seed yield was significantly increased with fertilizer application at one of sixteen site years. At locations with both soil test P and K at optimal or greater levels, corn grain yield was significantly increased at three of thirteen site years and soybean seed yield significantly increased at one of fourteen site years when fertilizer was applied. Site soil test values were generally inversely related to the likelihood of a yield response from fertilizer application, which is consistent with yield response frequencies outlined in state fertilizer recommendations. Soybean yields were similar regardless if fertilizer was applied in the year of crop production or before the preceding corn crop. Based on the results of this work across the US and various yield potentials, it was confirmed that the practice of applying P and K fertilizers at recommended rates biennially prior to first year corn production in a corn–soybean rotation does not appear to be a yield limiting factor in modern, high management production systems.

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Effect of P-buffer capacity and P-retention index of soils on soil test-P, soil test P-calibrations and yield response curvature

Soil Research ◽

10.1071/sr9940503 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 503 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

MDA Bolland ◽

IR Wilson ◽

DG Allen

Keyword(s):

Retention Index ◽

Buffer Capacity ◽

Linear Equations ◽

Yield Response ◽

Soil Test ◽

Soil P ◽

Sorption Method ◽

Mitscherlich Equation ◽

Soil Test P ◽

P Retention

Twenty-three virgin Western Australian soils of different buffer capacities (BC) for phosphorus (P) were collected. The effects of BC on the relationships between Colwell soil test P and the level of P applied, yield and soil test P, and yield and the level of P applied were studied. Wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Reeves), grown for 27 days in a glasshouse, was used. Two methods of measuring P sorption of soils, P buffer capacity (PBC) and P retention index (PRI), were used. The PBC is determined from a multi-point sorption curve. The PRI is a new, diagnostic, one-point, sorption method now widely used for commercial soil P testing in Western Australia. Both PBC and PRI produced similar results. The relationship between soil test P and the level of P applied was adequately described by a linear equation. When the slope coefficient of the linear equations was related to PBC or PRI, there was no relationship. The other two relationships were adequately described by a Mitscherlich equation. When the curvature coefficient of the Mitscherlich equation was related to PBC or PRI, the trend was for the value of the coefficient to decrease with increasing PBC or PRI. Consequently, as the capacity of the soil to sorb P increased the trend was for larger soil test P or higher levels of P application to produce the same yield.

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Storage of air-dry soil samples at 0 degrees C or at room temperature before analysis does not affect bicarbonate soil-test phosphorus

Soil Research ◽

10.1071/sr9960243 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 34 (2) ◽

pp. 243

Author(s):

MDA Bolland ◽

DG Allen

Keyword(s):

Room Temperature ◽

Field Capacity ◽

Soil Samples ◽

Soil Test ◽

Single Superphosphate ◽

Cold Room ◽

Extractable P ◽

Soil Test P ◽

Dry Soil ◽

Soil Test Phosphorus

Five levels of phosphorus (P), as powdered single superphosphate, were incubated in moist soil (field capacity) for 42 days at 50�C in six different soils collected from south-western Australia. The soils were then air-dried for 7 days. Some subsamples of air-dry soil were stored for 180 days at 0�C in a cold room. Other subsamples were stored at fluctuating room temperature (18–25�C) in a laboratory and were sampled at 30, 60, 120, 150 and 180 days after storage to measure bicarbonate-extractable P (soil-test P) by the Olsen and Colwell procedures. No changes in soil-test P were detected while air-dry soil samples were stored at 0�C or room temperature.

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Changes in chemical properties of 48 intensively grazed, rain-fed dairy paddocks on sandy soils over 11 years of liming in south-western Australia

Soil Research ◽

10.1071/sr09199 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 48 (8) ◽

pp. 682 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

M. D. A. Bolland ◽

W. K. Russell

Keyword(s):

Western Australia ◽

Root Zone ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Soil Testing ◽

Soil Test ◽

Organic Carbon Content ◽

Pasture Production ◽

Soil P ◽

Soil Test P

Soil testing was conducted during 1999–2009 to determine lime and fertiliser phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and sulfur (S) requirements of intensively grazed, rain-fed, ryegrass dairy pastures in 48 paddocks on sand to sandy loam soils in the Mediterranean-type climate of south-western Australia. The study demonstrated that tissue testing was required in conjunction with soil testing to confirm decisions based on soil testing, and to assess management decisions for elements not covered by soil testing. Soil testing for pH was reliable for indicating paddocks requiring lime to ameliorate soil acidity, and to monitor progress of liming. Soil P testing proved reliable for indicating when P fertiliser applications were required, with no P being required when soil-test P was above the critical value for that soil, and when no P was applied, tissue testing indicated that P remained adequate for ryegrass production. Soil testing could not be used to determine paddocks requiring fertiliser K and S, because both elements can leach below the root-zone, with rainfall determining the extent of leaching and magnitude of the decrease in pasture production resulting from deficiency, which cannot be predicted. The solution is to apply fertiliser K and S each year, and use tissue testing to improve fertiliser K and S management. Research has shown that, for dairy and other grazing industries in the region, laboratories need measure and report every year soil pH and soil-test P only, together with measuring every 3–5 years the P-buffering index (estimating P sorption of soil), organic carbon content, and electrical conductivity.

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Indicator of risk of water contamination by phosphorus from Canadian agricultural land

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2006.064 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 53 (2) ◽

pp. 303-310 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

E. van Bochove ◽

G. Thériault ◽

F. Dechmi ◽

A.N. Rousseau ◽

R. Quilbé ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Contamination ◽

Crop Residue ◽

Management Practices ◽

Agricultural Land ◽

Soil Phosphorus ◽

Soil Test ◽

Soil P ◽

Soil Test P ◽

P Balance ◽

Balance Factor

The indicator of risk of water contamination by phosphorus (IROWC_P) is designed to estimate where the risk of water P contamination by agriculture is high, and how this risk is changing over time based on the five-year period of data Census frequency. Firstly developed for the province of Quebec (2000), this paper presents an improved version of IROWC_P (intended to be released in 2008), which will be extended to all watersheds and Soil Landscape of Canada (SLC) polygons (scale 1:1, 000, 000) with more than 5% of agriculture. There are three objectives: (i) create a soil phosphorus saturation database for dominant and subdominant soil series of SLC polygons – the soil P saturation values are estimated by the ratio of soil test P to soil P sorption capacity; (ii) calculate an annual P balance considering crop residue P, manure P, and inorganic fertilizer P – agricultural and manure management practices will also be considered; and (iii) develop a transport-hydrology component including P transport estimation by runoff mechanisms (water balance factor, topographic index) and soil erosion, and the area connectivity to water (artificial drainage, soil macropores, and surface water bodies).

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