The premature small-for-gestational-age infant during the first year of life: Comparison by birth weight and gestational age

Purpose: This study aimed to identify small for gestational age (SGA) infants' growth patterns, nutritional status, and associated factors.Methods: This prospective cohort study was conducted at primary-care child health clinics in Greater Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The sample consisted of infants who fulfilled the criteria and were born in 2019. The anthropometric data of infants were assessed at birth and at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months.Results: A total of 328 infants were analysed. In total, 27.7%(n=91) of the subjects were SGA infants, and 237 of them were not. Significant differences in the median weight-for-age and length-for-age z-scores were observed between SGA and non-SGA infants at birth, 1 month, 6 months, and 12 months. There was a significant difference between the growth patterns of SGA and non-SGA infants. Birth weight and sex significantly predicted the nutritional status(stunting and underweight) of SGA infants during their first year of life.Conclusion: SGA infants can catch up to achieve normal growth during their first year of life. Even though the nutritional status of SGA infants trends worse than non-SGA infants, adequate infant birth weight monitoring and an emphasis on nutritional advice are crucial for maintaining well-being.

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Increased Risk of Malaria During the First Year of Life in Small-for-Gestational-Age Infants: A Longitudinal Study in Benin

The Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/infdis/jiy699 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 219 (10) ◽

pp. 1642-1651 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Gino Agbota ◽

Manfred Accrombessi ◽

Gilles Cottrell ◽

Yves Martin-Prével ◽

Jacqueline Milet ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Longitudinal Study ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Small For Gestational Age ◽

First Year ◽

Increased Risk ◽

First Year Of Life

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Neurodevelopmental outcome in infants with esophageal atresia: risk factors in the first year of life

Diseases of the Esophagus ◽

10.1093/dote/doaa102 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Bevilacqua Francesca ◽

Ragni Benedetta ◽

Conforti Andrea ◽

Braguglia Annabella ◽

Gentile Simonetta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Cognitive Development ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Multiple Regression ◽

Esophageal Atresia ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Motor Development ◽

First Year ◽

First Year Of Life

Summary Data on neurodevelopmental outcomes of infants born with esophageal atresia (EA) are still scarce and controversial. The aims of our study were to evaluate motor and cognitive development during the first year of life, in patients operated on of EA and to investigate potential risk factors for motor and cognitive development both at 6 and 12 months. This is an observational prospective longitudinal study in a selected cohort of type C and D EA infants enrolled in our follow-up program from 2009 to 2017. In order to exclude possible confounding factors, the following exclusion criteria were applied: (i) gestational age ≤ 32 weeks and/or birth weight ≤ 1500 g; (ii) genetic syndrome or chromosomal anomaly known to be associated with neurodevelopmental delay; (iii) neurologic disease; (iv) esophageal gap ≥three vertebral bodies. Patients were evaluated at 6 and 12 months of life (corrected age for infants with a gestational age of 32–37 weeks) with the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development—3rd Edition. In our selected cohort of EA infants, 82 were evaluated at 6 months and 59 were reevaluated at 12 months. Both Motor and Cognitive average scores were within the norm at both time points. However, we report increased number of infants with motor delay with time: 14% at 6 months and 24% at 12 months. Multiple regression analysis for Motor scores at 6 [F(4,74) = 4.363, P = 0.003] and 12 months [F(6,50) = 2.634, P = 0.027] identified (i) low birth weight, (ii) longer hospital stay and (iii) weight < fifth percentile at 1 year as risk factors. Interestingly, average Cognitive scores also increased with time from 85.2% at 6 months and 96.6% at 12 months. Multiple regression models explaining variance of Cognitive scores at 6 [F(4, 73) = 2.458, P = 0.053] and 12 months [F(6, 49) = 1.232, P = 0.306] were nonsignificant. Our selected cohort of EA patients shows, on the average, Motor and Cognitive scores within the norm both at 6 and 12 months. Nevertheless, the percentage of infants with Motor scores below the average increases regardless gestational age. None of clinical and sociodemographic variables taken into consideration was able to predict cognitive development both at 6 and 12 months whereas risk factors for Motor development change during the first year of life. Healthcare providers should pay particular attention to patients with low birth weight, longer hospital stays and weight under fifth percentile at 1 year. Future studies should include long-term outcomes to reveal possible catch up in motor development and/or possible findings in Cognitive scores.

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Elevated Levels of Fetal Hemoglobin Synthesis in Infants With Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.86.2.193 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 86 (2) ◽

pp. 193-196

Author(s):

Harry Bard ◽

Janie Prosmanne

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Fetal Hemoglobin ◽

Amino Acid Mixture ◽

Acid Mixture ◽

First Year ◽

Postconceptional Age ◽

The Mean ◽

First Year Of Life

A study was devised to determine whether levels of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) synthesis are elevated in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) when compared with the levels of HbF synthesis found in normal control infants. Twelve infants with BPD, whose postconceptional ages ranged from 40 to 62 weeks, were studied. The mean (±SD) gestational age and birth weight was 29 ± 1.9 weeks and 1289 ± 376 g, respectively. Elevation infants matched for birth weight, gestational age, and postnatal age served as the control subjects. Blood samples were incubated in an amino acid mixture containing [14C]leucine. The adult hemoglobin and HbF were then separated by column chromatography on diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex. The results demonstrated that the mean (±SD) level of HbF synthesis in infants with BPD was significantly higher than that in the control infants (42.6 ± 22.9% vs 18.8 ± 12.8%; P < .01). When levels of HbF synthesis in the infants with BPD and the control infants were compared with data previously reported in normal infants, 7 of the 12 infants with BPD, but none of the control infants, were synthesizing amounts of HbF greater than would be expected for their postconceptional age. The results suggest that cardiopulmonary insufficiency could stimulate HbF synthesis during the first year of life as a result of an erythropoietic response to hypoxemia.

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Effects of First-Year Growth on Body Composition (BC), Resting Energy Expenditure (REE) and Metabolic Profile Differ in Preterm (PT) Children Born with Very Low Birth Weight (VLBW) Either Appropriate (AGA) or Small for Gestational Age (SGA)

10.1210/endo-meetings.2011.part3.p7.p2-548 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. P2-548-P2-548

Author(s):

Carolina Sepulveda ◽

Enrica Pittaluga ◽

Cynthia Urquidi ◽

Alejandra Avila ◽

German Iniguez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Small For Gestational Age ◽

Metabolic Profile ◽

Very Low Birth Weight ◽

Resting Energy Expenditure ◽

First Year

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Demographic and Clinical Features of Small-for-Gestational-Age Infants Born to Mothers With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Frontiers in Pediatrics ◽

10.3389/fped.2021.741793 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Juncao Chen ◽

Huimin Xiao ◽

Yong Yang ◽

Yaping Tang ◽

Xiaoqi Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Small For Gestational Age ◽

Perinatal Outcomes ◽

First Year ◽

Retrospective Case ◽

Adverse Perinatal Outcomes ◽

First Year Of Life

We studied the demographic and clinical characteristic, risk factors, outcomes of full-term small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants born to mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in China. A retrospective case-control study that included 1981 SGA infants was conducted; the demographic and clinical data between SGA infants born to mothers with and without GDM were compared. Of 383 SGA infants born to mothers with GDM, 221 (57.7%) were female, and the incidence of these infants was 1 in 155 live births. The risk of SGA siblings (RR, 1.88; 95% CI, [1.23–2.86]), low 1- and 5-min Apgar scores (RR,2.04 and 4.21; 95%CI [1.05–4.00] and [1.05–16.89], respectively), early thrombocytopenia (RR, 3.39; 95%CI, [1.33–8.64]), hypoglycemia(RR, 2.49; 95%CI, [1.55–3.98]), and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (RR,5.61; 95%CI, [1.25–25.18]) were increased in SGA infants born to mothers with GDM compared to SGA infants born to mothers without GDM. SGA girls born to mothers with GDM had a significantly higher ratio of catch-up growth (CUG) (RR, 1.73; 95%CI, [1.18–2.54]) in the first year of life. These results show that genetic factors may be one of the etiologies of SGA infants born to mothers with GDM; and these infants have more adverse perinatal outcomes compared to SGA infants born to mothers without GDM. SGA girls born to mothers with GDM had accelerated CUG in the first year of life.

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