Accidental and long-term safety assessment of fission and fusion power reactors

Isostearyl Neopentanoate, the ester of Isostearyl Alcohol and Neopentanoic Acid, is used in cosmetic products as an emollient at concentrations up to 50 percent. The undiluted ingredient at doses up to 4 ml/kg was shown to be relatively non-toxic in short-and long-term feeding studies. Test data from animal and clinical studies indicate the undiluted ingredient is neither an irritant nor a sensitizer. A cosmetic formulation containing 16 percent Isostearyl Neopentanoate produced no phototoxicity and no photoallergenicity. Mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, and teratogenicity data were not available. Isostearyl Neopentanoate was not considered to be a significant comedogenic agent. On the basis of available data, it is concluded that this ingredient is safe as a cosmetic ingredient in its present practices of use.

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Structural Safety Assessment of a 1100 TEU Container Ship, Based on a Enhanced Long Term Fatigue Analysis

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1036.935 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 1036 ◽

pp. 935-940

Author(s):

Leonard Domnisoru ◽

Ionica Rubanenco ◽

Mihaela Amoraritei

Keyword(s):

Safety Assessment ◽

Safety Evaluation ◽

Irregular Waves ◽

Structural Safety ◽

Random Wave ◽

Wave Loads ◽

Strength Assessment ◽

Integrated Method ◽

Hydroelastic Response

This paper is focused on an enhanced integrated method for structural safety assessment of maritime ships under extreme random wave loads. In this study is considered an 1100 TEU container test ship, with speed range 0 to 18 knots. The most comprehensive criteria for ships structural safety evaluation over the whole exploitation life is based on the long term ship structures analysis, that includes: stress hot-spots evaluation by 3D/1D-FEM hull models, computation of short term ship dynamic response induced by irregular waves, long term fatigue structure assessment. The analysis is enhanced by taking into account the ships speed influence on hydroelastic response. The study includes a comparative analysis on two scenarios for the correlation between the ships speed and waves intensity. The standard constant ship speed scenario and CENTEC scenario, with total speed loss at extreme waves condition, are considered. Instead of 20 years ship exploitation life estimated by classification societies rules from the long term structural safety criteria, the enhanced method has predicted more restrictive values of 14.4-15.7 years. The numerical analyses are based on own software and user subroutines. The study made possible to have a more realistic approach of ships structural strength assessment, for elastic and faster ships as container carriers, in compare to the standard one based only on naval rules, delivering a method with higher confidence in the designed structural safety.

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Safety Assessment of Long Term Serviced Pressure Vessels: A Case Study of Typical Refining and Chemical Plants in China

10.1115/pvp2021-61470 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Zhiyuan Han ◽

Guoshan Xie ◽

Haiyi Jiang ◽

Xiaowei Li

Keyword(s):

Pressure Vessel ◽

Safety Assessment ◽

Failure Modes ◽

Pressure Vessels ◽

Time Dependent ◽

Chemical Plants ◽

Safety Specification ◽

Detailed Assessment

Abstract The safety and risk of the long term serviced pressure vessels, especially which serviced more than 20 years, has become one of the most concerned issues in refining and chemical industry and government safety supervision in China. According to the Chinese pressure vessel safety specification TSG 21-2016 “Supervision Regulation on Safety Technology for Stationary Pressure Vessel”, if necessary, safety assessment should be performed for the pressure vessel which reaches the design service life or exceeds 20 years without a definite design life. However, the safety and risk conditions of most pressure vessels have little changes after long term serviced because their failure modes are time-independent. Thus the key problem is to identify the devices with the time-dependent failure modes and assess them based on the failure modes. This study provided a case study on 16 typical refining and chemical plants including 1870 pressure vessels serviced more than 20 years. The quantitative risk and damage mechanisms were calculated based on API 581, the time-dependent and time-independent failure modes were identified, and the typical pressure vessels were assessed based on API 579. Taking the high pressure hydrogenation plant as an example, this study gave the detailed assessment results and conclusions. The results and suggestions in this study are essential for the safety supervision and extending life of long term serviced pressure vessels in China.

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Long-Term Activation and Tritium Generation of Flowing Lithium-Lead under Prolonged Irradiation in Fusion Power Plants

Fusion Science & Technology ◽

10.13182/fst06-a1276 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 50 (4) ◽

pp. 528-537 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

R. Pampin

Keyword(s):

Power Plants ◽

Fusion Power ◽

Prolonged Irradiation

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Overview of JET results for optimising ITER operation

Nuclear Fusion ◽

10.1088/1741-4326/ac47b4 ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Joelle Mailloux

Keyword(s):

Particle Physics ◽

Radiation Transport ◽

Nuclear Data ◽

Dust Particles ◽

Runaway Electrons ◽

Fusion Power ◽

Jet Plasma ◽

Diagnostic Capabilities ◽

The Impact

Abstract The JET 2019-2020 scientific and technological programme exploited the results of years of concerted scientific and engineering work, including the ITER-like wall (ILW: Be wall and W divertor) installed in 2010, improved diagnostic capabilities now fully available, a major Neutral Beam Injection (NBI) upgrade providing record power in 2019-2020, and tested the technical & procedural preparation for safe operation with tritium. Research along three complementary axes yielded a wealth of new results. Firstly, the JET plasma programme delivered scenarios suitable for high fusion power and alpha particle physics in the coming D-T campaign (DTE2), with record sustained neutron rates, as well as plasmas for clarifying the impact of isotope mass on plasma core, edge and plasma-wall interactions, and for ITER pre-fusion power operation. The efficacy of the newly installed Shattered Pellet Injector for mitigating disruption forces and runaway electrons was demonstrated. Secondly, research on the consequences of long-term exposure to JET-ILW plasma was completed, with emphasis on wall damage and fuel retention, and with analyses of wall materials and dust particles that will help validate assumptions and codes for design & operation of ITER and DEMO. Thirdly, the nuclear technology programme aiming to deliver maximum technological return from operations in D, T and D-T benefited from the highest D-D neutron yield in years, securing results for validating radiation transport and activation codes, and nuclear data for ITER.

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A Pilot Safety Assessment for Recombinant Epinephelus lanceolatus Piscidin Yeast Powder as a Drug Food Additive after Subacute and Subchronic Administration to SD Rats

Marine Drugs ◽

10.3390/md18120586 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (12) ◽

pp. 586

Author(s):

Bor-Chyuan Su ◽

Chao-Chin Li ◽

Chia-Wen Liu ◽

Jyh-Yih Chen

Keyword(s):

Safety Assessment ◽

Food Additive ◽

Female Rats ◽

Feed Additive ◽

Gallus Gallus Domesticus ◽

Sd Rats ◽

Male And Female Rats ◽

Liver And Kidney ◽

Yeast Powder

Recombinant Epinephelus lanceolatus piscidin (RELP) was previously shown to improve growth performance and immune response when used as a feed additive for Gallus gallus domesticus. However, the long-term toxicity of RELP has not be thoroughly investigated. In the present study, we evaluated the subacute and subchronic oral toxicities of RELP in SD rats by hematological, biochemical, and histopathological analyses. To determine subacute and subchronic toxicities, male and female rats were fed with RELP 1000 mg/kg bodyweight/day for 28 and 90 days, respectively. Bodyweight and food intake were unchanged by RELP treatment over the course of the studies. After exposure, samples of blood, heart, lung, liver, and kidney were collected and analyzed. Results demonstrated that RELP exposure did not cause any observable hematological, biochemical, or histological abnormalities in SD rats. Thus, RELP may be a safe feed additive for use in agriculture and aquaculture.

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Safety Assessment of Castoreum Extract as a Food Ingredient

International Journal of Toxicology ◽

10.1080/10915810601120145 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 51-55 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

G. A. Burdock

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Human Subject ◽

Safety Assessment ◽

Adverse Reactions ◽

Skin Sensitization ◽

Scent Glands ◽

Food Ingredient ◽

Routes Of Administration ◽

Weak Antibacterial Activity

Castoreum extract (CAS NO. 8023–83–4; FEMA NO. 2261) is a natural product prepared by direct hot-alcohol extraction of castoreum, the dried and macerated castor sac scent glands (and their secretions) from the male or female beaver. It has been used extensively in perfumery and has been added to food as a flavor ingredient for at least 80 years. Both the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regard castoreum extract as generally recognized as safe (GRAS). Acute toxicity studies in animals indicate that castoreum extract is nontoxic by both oral and dermal routes of administration and is not irritating or phototoxic to skin. Skin sensitization has not been observed in human subject tests. Castoreum extract possesses weak antibacterial activity. A long historical use of castoreum extract as a flavoring and fragrance ingredient has resulted in no reports of human adverse reactions. On the basis of this information, low-level, long-term exposure to castoreum extract does not pose a health risk. The objective of this review is to evaluate the safety-in-use of castoreum extract as a food ingredient.

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Landscape Modeling for Dose Calculations in the Safety Assessment of a Repository for Spent Nuclear Fuel

11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management, Parts A and B ◽

10.1115/icem2007-7115 ◽

2007 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Tobias Lindborg ◽

Ulrik Kautsky ◽

Lars Brydsten

Keyword(s):

Nuclear Fuel ◽

Safety Assessment ◽

Spent Nuclear Fuel ◽

Landscape Model ◽

Landscape Development ◽

Surface Hydrology ◽

Site Investigations ◽

Time Period ◽

The Individual

The Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co., (SKB), pursues site investigations for the final repository for spent nuclear fuel at two sites in the south eastern part of Sweden, the Forsmark- and the Laxemar site (figure 1). Data from the two site investigations are used to build site descriptive models of the areas. These models describe the bedrock and surface system properties important for designing the repository, the environmental impact assessment, and the long-term safety, i.e. up to 100,000 years, in a safety assessment. In this paper we discuss the methodology, and the interim results for, the landscape model, used in the safety assessment to populate the Forsmark site in the numerical dose models. The landscape model is built upon ecosystem types, e.g. a lake or a mire, (Biosphere Objects) that are connected in the landscape via surface hydrology. Each of the objects have a unique set of properties derived from the site description. The objects are identified by flow transport modeling, giving discharge points at the surface for all possible flow paths from the hypothetical repository in the bedrock. The landscape development is followed through time by using long-term processes e.g. shoreline displacement and sedimentation. The final landscape model consists of a number of maps for each chosen time period and a table of properties that describe the individual objects which constitutes the landscape. The results show a landscape that change over time during 20,000 years. The time period used in the model equals the present interglacial and can be used as an analogue for a future interglacial. Historically, the model area was covered by sea, and then gradually changes into a coastal area and, in the future, into a terrestrial inland landscape. Different ecosystem types are present during the landscape development, e.g. sea, lakes, agricultural areas, forest and wetlands (mire). The biosphere objects may switch from one ecosystem type to another during the modeled time period, from sea to lake, and from lake to mire and finally, some objects are transformed into agricultural area due to favorable farming characteristics.

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