Planning of polio vaccination campaigns

The Lancet ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 348 (9039) ◽  
pp. 1454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salvatore Squarcione
Keyword(s):  
Polio Vaccination ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns

scholarly journals Insecurity, polio vaccination rates, and polio incidence in northwest Pakistan

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (7) ◽  
pp. 1593-1598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amol A. Verma ◽  
Marcia P. Jimenez ◽  
Rudolf H. Tangermann ◽  
S. V. Subramanian ◽  
Fahad Razak
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Vaccination Rate ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Routinely Collected Health Data ◽  
Polio Vaccination ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns ◽  
Endemic Transmission ◽  
Security Incidents

Pakistan is one of three countries in which endemic transmission of poliovirus has never been stopped. Insecurity is often cited but poorly studied as a barrier to eradicating polio. We analyzed routinely collected health data from 32 districts of northwest Pakistan and constructed an index of insecurity based on journalistic reports of the monthly number of deaths and injuries resulting from conflict-related security incidents. The primary outcomes were the monthly incidence of paralytic polio cases within each district between 2007 and 2014 and the polio vaccination percentage from 666 district-level vaccination campaigns between 2007 and 2009, targeting ∼5.7 million children. Multilevel Poisson regression controlling for time and district fixed effects was used to model the association between insecurity, vaccinator access, vaccination rates, and polio incidence. The number of children inaccessible to vaccinators was 19.7% greater (95% CI: 19.2–20.2%), and vaccination rates were 5.3% lower (95% CI: 5.2–5.3%) in “high-insecurity” campaigns compared with “secure” campaigns. The unadjusted mean vaccination rate was 96.3% (SD = 8.6) in secure campaigns and 88.3% (SD = 19.2) in high-insecurity campaigns. Polio incidence was 73.0% greater (95% CI: 30–131%) during high-insecurity months (unadjusted mean = 0.13 cases per million people, SD = 0.71) compared with secure months (unadjusted mean = 1.23 cases per million people, SD = 4.28). Thus, insecurity was associated with reduced vaccinator access, reduced polio vaccination, and increased polio incidence in northwest Pakistan. These findings demonstrate that insecurity is an important obstacle to global polio eradication.

scholarly journals Blurred lines

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Omar Dewachi
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
Global War On Terror ◽  
Moral Framework ◽  
Us Military ◽  
Polio Vaccination ◽  
The Us ◽  
Global War ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns

The neutrality of medicine and health care professionals in different conflict settings in the Middle East have come under scrutiny in recent human rights reports, and should be seen as part of the broader fallout of the US-led ‘global war on terror.’ The last two decades of US military attacks on health infrastructures in Iraq and the use of polio-vaccination campaigns to track down ‘terrorists’ are acts of war that have further blurred the lines between health care and warfare. The failure of international legal processes and institutions to prevent such assaults or to prosecute those responsible raises questions about the Eurocentric system of checks and balances that shape international humanitarian law and its invocation as a ‘legal’ and ‘moral’ framework.

Effectiveness of a Community-level Social Mobilization Intervention in Achieving the Outcomes of Polio Vaccination Campaigns During the Post-polio-endemic Period: Evidence from CORE Group Polio Project in Uttar Pradesh, India.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manojkumar Choudhary ◽  
Roma Solomon ◽  
Jitendra Awale ◽  
Rina Dey ◽  
Jagajeet Prasad Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Engagement ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Social Mobilization ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Synthetic Control ◽  
Core Group ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Polio Vaccination ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns

Abstract Background:A social mobilization (SM) initiative contributed to India’s success in polio elimination. This was the CORE Group Polio Project (CGPP), a partner of Uttar Pradesh (U.P.) SM Network and which continued its SM activities, even during the polio-free period through a network of multi-level social mobilizers. This paper assesses the effects of this community-level SM (CLSM) intervention on the extent of community engagement and performance of polio vaccination campaigns during the post-polio-endemic period (i.e., from March 2012 to September 2017). Methods:This study followed a quasi-experimental design. We used secondary, cluster-level data from CGPP India’s Management Information System, including 52 SIAs held from January 2008 to September 2017 in 56 blocks, covering 12 districts of U.P. We computed various indicators and performed Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) based analysis to assess the statistical difference. We then estimated the effects of the SM intervention, using Interrupted time-series, Difference-in-Differences and Synthetic Control Methods. Also, estimated the population influenced by the intervention. Results:The performance of polio vaccination campaigns changed over time, with the intervention areas having better outcomes than non-intervention areas. The absence of community-level SM Net intervention during the post-polio-endemic period would have negatively impacted booth coverage, X-to-P conversion rate, Refusal-to-Acceptor conversion of intervention areas to 14.1 (range: 12.7 to 15.5), 6.3 (range: 5.2 to 7.3) and 7.4 percentage points, respectively. Community engagement would have reduced by 7.2 (range: 6.6 to 7.7) percentage points. The study guesstimated that the intervention averted at least 43 (range: 40 to 47) paralytic polio cases annually from the intervention areas, during the post-polio-endemic period. Conclusions:The absence of CLSM intervention would have significantly decreased the level of community engagement and negatively impacted the performance of polio SIAs of the post-polio-endemic period. The study provides evidence of an added-value of additional human resources dedicated to social mobilization to achieve desired vaccination outcomes in hard-to-reach or programmatically challenging areas.

Polio vaccination, political authority and the Nigerian state

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisha P. Renne
Keyword(s):  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Political Authority ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Childhood Diseases ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Wild Poliovirus ◽  
Polio Vaccination ◽  
International Ngos ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns

Vaccination campaigns rely on the political authority of the state to carry out public health programs for the benefit of its citizens. In sub-Saharan Africa where vaccination programs were introduced by health officials during colonial rule, subsequent postcolonial programs, such as interventions which focus on a single disease and are supported mainly by western international NGOs, may be viewed with suspicion by some. Rather than strengthening state control of its citizens, vaccination campaigns such as the Global Polio Eradication Initiative as implemented in northern Nigeria, may undermine state authority and control. With its initial focus on polio vaccination rather than on childhood diseases which parents considered more life-threatening, the initiative highlighted the federal government’s failure to provide basic primary health care. That the GPEI was funded by western international NGOs also led some Muslim parents, religious leaders, and medical professionals to question the safety of the oral polio vaccine and to refuse vaccination for their children. However, in 2013 their actions have been tempered by programs providing monetary awards to state governments and foodstuffs to cooperating mothers and in September 2015, WHO announced the interruption of wild poliovirus in Nigeria.

scholarly journals CHALLENGES AND EXPERIENCES OF LADY HEALTH WORKERS WORKING IN POLIO CAMPAIGNS IN DISTRICT NOWSHERA, KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA, PAKISTAN

1970 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-78
Author(s):  
Shaista Bahar ◽  
Rozina Khalid ◽  
Shehzad Ali Khan ◽  
Naseemullah N ◽  
Nazish Batool
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Work Load ◽  
Narrative Form ◽  
National Programme ◽  
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ◽  
Polio Vaccination ◽  
Risk Areas ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns

Background: Lady Health Workers (LHWs) are recruited from the local rural communities under the National Programme for Family Planning. In addition to their assigned duties, they conduct door to door polio vaccination campaigns. However, for the last five years, amid to the security situation in the country Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Quetta and Karachi, remained the main highest -risk areas for them for polio campaigns. Methods: We conducted this qualitative study in two union councils of District Nowshera by doing IDIs and FGDs with LHWs who performed their duties in polio campaigns. We used a field guide for interviewing. District coordinator of EPI and two Lady Health Supervisor (LHS) were also interviewed. Interviews were conducted and recorded, the audiotapes were transcribed and categorized on themes and sub themes. Content analysis was carried out. The data was presented in narrative form using summative and verbatim quotes. Results: There was shortage and insufficient supply of medicines. The second most important issue the LHWs faced was the security. Delay in salary release, no incentives and promotion, community disrespect, administrative constraints, misperceptions regarding polio vaccines and work load were important challenges. Conclusion: We conclude that the LHWs in both the union councils faced some challenges. Awareness through media is a good option but due to threats to the polio campaigns it is hard to work in these campaigns.

scholarly journals Reasons for refusals during Polio Vaccination Campaigns in Posh Areas of Lahore

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (03) ◽  
pp. 90
Author(s):  
Junaid Rashid ◽  
Khalid Waheed
Keyword(s):  
Tertiary Care ◽  
District Health ◽  
Health Officer ◽  
Religious Issues ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Prime Concern ◽  
Polio Vaccination ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns ◽  
Poor Children ◽  
Tertiary Care Hospitals

One of the main challenges faced during polio campaigns in Pakistan is to tackle the refusals during campaign days. A lot of people are observed refusing oral polio vaccination (OPV) of their children. I worked in eight different campaigns during my duties as deputy district health officer in Cantt. zone Lahore. As Cantt. Zone Lahore has the posh area i.e. Defence Housing Authority (DHA), Cavalry Ground, and Army Cantt Area, so I will mention the reasons for these refusals according to these posh areas. Frequent polio campaigns is the prime concern shown by the parents. They usually ask why Govt. is so much concerned about these campaigns and that why these are happening frequently. They usually ask our teams to go and vaccinate the poor children in slum areas. Most of the parents in these posh areas are familiar with the concept of routine vaccination. They get their children vaccinated from different tertiary-care hospitals, private hospitals, and some private clinicians (pediatricians). When a team visits during polio campaign days, they simply refuse with the comments that they have already got their vaccinated and that another dose of vaccine may cause serious side effects due to overdosage. Some parents say we will not get our children vaccinated till the approval from our pediatrician. A small proportion of people do not their children vaccinated from the polio teams due to their outer appearances (as most of the members working in the polio campaign belong to poor families). Few parents refuse because in any previous campaign one of their family children suffered from some adverse reaction after polio vaccination. Some parents say they do not trust vaccines being administered in Pakistan. They usually vaccinate their children from foreign countries. This also includes the foreign people residing in these posh areas. Refusals due to religious issues were noticed little.   In any polio campaign, my biggest apprehension was to tackle this kind of refusals. Luckily we had a strong team including the assistant commissioner, police, administration, and security offices of these posh areas and social mobilizers who work very hard to cover these refusals and achieve excellent results.

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