The effect of drought stress on the dry matter production, growth rate and biomass allocation of Anthephora pubescens Nees

SummaryThe nitrogen requirements for maximum production of perennial ryegrass swards in August/September were shown to be of the order of 4 kg N/ha/day. Further increases above this level had no appreciable effect on dry-matter production, leaf area or light intercepted, but maximum tiller numbers were considerably enhanced. Shortage of nitrogenous fertilizer had comparatively little effect on crop growth rate in the early stages of regrowth, but thereafter caused the rate to fall increasingly short of potential. At high fertilizer levels crop growth rate based on total above-ground parts was linearly related to percentage light intercepted in the first month after defoliation, but values subsequently became erratic and at times negative. This change in crop growth rate and the resulting halt in effective net dry-matter production could be associated with the overall pattern of leaf and tiller formation and death, maximum net yield being achieved at the point in time when three new leaves had been produced on each tiller since cutting. It is concluded that in August and September worth-while increases in harvestable net dry matter are unlikely to occur after this stage has been reached, and that managements based on the maintenance of a complete crop cover are not likely to be successful at this time of year.

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The growth and performance of cotton in a desert environment: II. Dry matter production

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600024151 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 73 (1) ◽

pp. 75-86 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

A. B. Hearn

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Initial Period ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Dry Matter Production ◽

Area Index ◽

Vegetative Phase ◽

Matter Production ◽

Sink Size ◽

And Performance

SUMMARYVariety, water and spacing were treatments in two experiments with cotton in 1963 and 1964 in which fruiting points, flowers and bolls were counted and the dry weights and leaf areas of plants were measured at intervals during the season.Until leaf-area index, L, started to decrease, the equation described how dry weight, W, changed. The equation gave smoothed estimates of crop growth rate, C, which were consistent with estimates of photosynthesis made with de Wit's (1965) model. The relationship between G and L conformed to , derived from Beer's Law, rather than C = aL — bL2 derived from the linear regression of E on L. When L > 3 the crop appeared to use most of the available light, so that C approached a maximum. Treatments initially affected dry-matter production through the numbers and types of branches and nodes, which in turn affected the sinks available and thus the proportion of dry matter reinvested in new leaf. This initial period, when growth was simple to describe in conventional terms, was denned as the vegetative phase of growth.The start of the reproductive phase of growth overlapped the vegetative phase. The change from one to the other was completed when the rate of dry weight increase of the bolls, CB, equalled C. This indicated that the sink formed by the bolls had increased sufficiently in size to use all the assimilates available for growth. Sink size increased as the crop flowered and was estimated from the product of the number of bolls and the growth rate of a single boll.When CB equalled C, bolls were shed which prevented the size of the sink to increase beyond the ability of the plant to supply it with assimilates. This agrees with Mason's nutritional theory of boll shedding. Because of the crop's morphology and because age decreased the photosynthesis of the crop, the size of the sink inevitably increased out of phase with the supply of assimilates. The extent to which this was so determined when CB equalled C. It is postulated that environment, genotype and agronomic practice affect yield according to whether they increase or decrease the extent to which the sink size and the supply of assimilates are out of phase.

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The effects of cross-tolerance to oxidative stress and drought stress on rice dry matter production under aerobic conditions

Field Crops Research ◽

10.1016/j.fcr.2014.04.012 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 163 ◽

pp. 18-23 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Kohtaro Iseki ◽

Koki Homma ◽

Tatsuhiko Shiraiwa ◽

Boonrat Jongdee ◽

Poonsak Mekwatanakarn

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Drought Stress ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Dry Matter Production ◽

Cross Tolerance ◽

Aerobic Conditions ◽

Matter Production

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Growth and dry matter production of hybrid maize through exogenous application of chitosan and thiourea under drought stress

Pure and Applied Biology ◽

10.19045/bspab.2018.700182 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Abdul Shakoor

Keyword(s):

Drought Stress ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Dry Matter Production ◽

Exogenous Application ◽

Matter Production ◽

Hybrid Maize

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Genotypic evaluation of cowpea germplasm for salinity tolerance at germination and during seedling growth

Agricultura tropica et subtropica ◽

10.2478/ats-2021-0008 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 54 (1) ◽

pp. 71-88

Author(s):

Eric Bertrand Kouam ◽

Toscani Ngompe-Deffo ◽

Honoré Beyegue-Djonko ◽

Marie Solange Mandou ◽

Asafor Henry Chotangui ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Salt Stress ◽

Water Content ◽

Seedling Growth ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Growth Characteristics ◽

Dry Matter Production ◽

Matter Production ◽

Improvement Programs ◽

Germination Traits

Abstract Soil salinity represents a major constraint limiting crop production in arid and semi-arid countries. The effect of salinity induced by sodium chloride (NaCl) at five levels (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mM) was investigated on four germination traits and thirteen seedling growth characteristics in twenty cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] genotypes (ET11, KEB-CP004, KEB-CP006, KEB-CP009, KEB-CP 010, KEB-CP020, KEB-CP033, KEB-CP038, KEB-CP039, KEB-CP045, KEB-CP051, KEB-CP054, KEB-CP057, KEB-CP060, KEB-CP067, KEB-CP068, KEB-CP118, MTA22, NO74 and NO1036). The germination tests were carried out on Petri dishes in the laboratory while seedling growth experiments continued in plastic pots in the greenhouse, both setting up using a randomised complete block design with three replications. Genotypic responses were significant for all germination traits (p < 0.001). Germination percentage, germination rate index, and coefficient of velocity of germination were all decreased by salt stress. However, the mean germination time increased with increasing saline conditions. Significant differences were found between genotypes for most growth attributes. Growth rate (centimeter increased in height per week) decreased significantly with increasing salinity, starting at 100 mM NaCl (24.20% reduction, 2.66 cm / week) with maximum reduction (38.58%) corresponding to 2.16 cm/week observed at 200 mM NaCl, compared to control (3.51 cm/week growth rate). Also, significant decline in shoot weights, number of functional leaves and dry matter production were observed under salinity. Salinity also reduced water content in shoot and root and did not affect root weights. Under salinity, significant correlations were found between all germination variables (p < 0.001). Growth rate was significantly associated with ten out of the twelve other seedling growth traits. Also, the dry matter production under salinity was significantly associated with all other seedling growth characteristics with the exception of root water content. Given the effect of salt stress, cowpea genotypes, namely NO1036, KEB-CP004, KEB-CP038 and KEB-CP051, were the most tolerant while KEB-CP068 and ET11 were the most sensitive ones. The results confirm substantial genetic variation in salt stress tolerance among the studied genotypes. The most tolerant genotypes should be further explored in genetic improvement programs and should be promoted for culture in regions affected by salinity.

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Dry matter production and crop growth rate of lentil as influenced by irrigation management

International Journal of Biosciences (IJB) ◽

10.12692/ijb/6.7.66-72 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 6 (7) ◽

pp. 66-72

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Irrigation Management ◽

Crop Growth ◽

Dry Matter Production ◽

Crop Growth Rate ◽

Matter Production

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Effect of fruit growth, temperature and irradiance on biomass allocation to the vegetative parts of cucumber

Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.18174/njas.v42i2.604 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 42 (2) ◽

pp. 115-123

Author(s):

L.F.M. Marcelis

Keyword(s):

Biomass Allocation ◽

Growth Temperature ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Fruit Growth ◽

Dry Matter Production ◽

Dry Matter Distribution ◽

Dry Matter Allocation ◽

Vegetative Part ◽

Matter Production

Cucumber plants were grown in a greenhouse at 18 or 25 degrees C with four intensities of fruit removal (1 fruit remaining for every 1, 3 or 6 leaf axils, or all fruits removed) or at three different levels of irradiance (shading with cheesecloth to give 100, 50 or 30% transmittance) in order to analyse the effects of fruit growth, temperature and irradiance on the dry matter allocation to leaves, stems, petioles and roots. With increasing irradiance, the dry weight of the vegetative part of the shoot increased, but the proportion of the total dry matter distributed to this part decreased. An increase in irradiance enhanced stem dry matter production less than leaf and petiole dry matter production which was in turn less stimulated than root dry matter production. In fruit-bearing plants, an increase in temperature had no effect on the dry matter allocation to the leaves, stems and petioles, but reduced the allocation to the roots. Fruit growth strongly reduced dry matter production of all vegetative plant parts, but the distribution between stems, leaves and petioles was only slightly affected. At 25 degrees, the dry matter distribution between the roots and the vegetative part of the shoot was not affected by fruit growth, but at 18 degrees, the root to vegetative shoot dry weight ratio decreased with increasing number of fruits on the plant. The biomass allocation between roots and shoot is discussed in relation to the functional equilibrium concept.

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Crop rotation and soil N amendment effects on maize production in eastern Canada

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/s02-071 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 83 (5) ◽

pp. 483-495 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

B. L. Ma ◽

J. Ying ◽

L. M. Dwyer ◽

E. G. Gregorich ◽

M. J. Morrison

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Dry Matter ◽

N Uptake ◽

Crop Growth ◽

Dry Matter Production ◽

Fertilizer N ◽

Crop Growth Rate ◽

Matter Production ◽

Continuous Maize

Relying less on fertilizer N and more on crop residual and biological N2 fixation by legume crops has been suggested as an effective way to meet the challenge of maximizing economic return while minimizing environmental pollution. A field study was conducted on a Brandon loam soil (Orthic Humic Gleysol) to determine the effects of crop rotation and N amendments on grain yield, crop growth, N uptake and use efficiency (NUE) of maize ( Zea mays L.) and fertilizer replacement values of legume. The rotations included maize in annual rotation with soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill], alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) or continuous maize. The soil N amendments included no amendment, NH4NO3 at 100 kg N ha-1, stockpiled or rotted dairy manure at 50 Mg ha-1 (wet weight). Averaged across 4 yr, increases in maize grain yield, total plant N uptake, and NUE ranged from 13 to 35% in the maize-soybean and maize-alfalfa rotations compared to continuous maize monoculture. During the study, total dry matter production was 15 to 35% higher and crop growth rate was 13 to 23% higher for maize following alfalfa than for continuous maize monoculture. The effect of legumes on the subsequent growth of maize (i.e., total dry matter production a n d crop growth rate) was most apparent during the grain filling period. Total maize dry matter production was similar up to silking stage for all three rotation systems; however, the difference in total dry matter between maize monoculture and maize in rotation with legume continued to increase after this stage so that the greatest differences were observed at physiological maturity. Grain yield was 19% higher in the 100 kg N ha-1 treatment and 23% higher in the repeated manure amendment than in the unfertilized treatment. Fertilizer N replacement values were on average, 68 kg ha-1 for soybean and 133 kg ha-1 for alfalfa. Our results indicate that maize in annual rotation with legume crops could increase the maize yields by as much as 20% and reduce the amount of chemical fertilizer N by as much as 180 kg N ha-1. The effect of legume preceding crop on maize dry matter production and N uptake is expressed mostly in the later stages of crop growth in this mid- to short-growing- season region. Key words: Rotation, Zea mays, dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate, manure, nitrogen use efficiency

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Silicon does not alleviate the adverse effects of drought stress in soybean plants

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2016v37n6p3941 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 37 (6) ◽

pp. 3941 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Viviane Ruppenthal ◽

Tiago Zoz ◽

Fábio Steiner ◽

Maria Do Carmo Lana ◽

Deise Dalazen Castagnara

Keyword(s):

Water Stress ◽

Drought Stress ◽

Defense Mechanisms ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Block Design ◽

Field Capacity ◽

Dry Matter Production ◽

Matter Production ◽

Soybean Plants ◽

Effects Of Drought

Beneficial effects of silicon (Si) in the plants growth under conditions of drought stress have been associated with to uptake and accumulation ability of element by different species. However, the effects of Si on soybean under water stress are still incipient and inconclusive. This study investigated the effect of Si application as a way to confer greater soybean tolerance to drought stress. The experiment was carried out in 20-L pots under greenhouse conditions. Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design in a 2 × 4 factorial: two water regimes (no stress or water stress) and four Si rates (0, 50, 100 and 200 mg kg–1). Soybean plants were grown until beginning flowering (R1) growth stage with soil moisture content near at the field capacity, and then it started the differentiation of treatments under drought by the suspension of water supply. Changes in relative water content (RWC) in leaf, electrolyte leakage from cells, peroxidase activity, plant nutrition and growth were measured after 7 days of drought stress and 3 days recovery. The RWC in soybean leaves decreased with Si rates in the soil. Silicon supply in soil with average content of this element, reduced dry matter production of soybean under well-irrigated conditions and caused no effect on dry matter under drought stress. The nitrogen uptake by soybean plants is reduced with the Si application under drought stress. The results indicated that the Si application stimulated the defense mechanisms of soybean plants, but was not sufficient to mitigate the negative effects of drought stress on the RWC and dry matter production.

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