Assessment of Axons from the Different Types of Neurons Regenerating Through Sites of Repair after Nerve Repair

The percentage of axons from different types of neurons regenerating through the site of repair was assessed by retrograde horseradish peroxidase labelling in 30 male SD rats. These rats were randomly divided into groups and underwent epineurial, perineurial suturing and 4 mm nerve graft for transected peroneal nerves in lower limbs on one side. The contralateral nerves were not injured and served as controls. The number of labelled neurons in the experimental side divided by those in the control gave a percentage of regeneration. Four to 9 weeks after nerve repair, axonal regeneration through the repair site was assessed by number, location and diameter. Results revealed that the percentage of motor axons crossing the nerve repair site was the same as the sensory axons. The percentage of neurons with axons innervating muscle spindles was statistically lower that those innervating the other end organs. Perineurial repair produced a higher percentage of motor axons across the repair than epineurial repair or nerve graft.

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PERIPHERAL NERVE REPAIR USING NON NEURAL SHEATHS AND CONDUITS

Hand Surgery ◽

10.1142/s021881049600021x ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 01 (02) ◽

pp. 123-130 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Clayton A. Peimer ◽

Reid R. Heffner ◽

Craig S. Howard ◽

James J. Czyrny ◽

Frances S. Sherwin

Keyword(s):

Peripheral Nerve ◽

Axonal Regeneration ◽

Tibial Nerve ◽

Nerve Repair ◽

Peripheral Nerve Regeneration ◽

Nerve Graft ◽

Autologous Vein ◽

Nerve Grafts ◽

Direct Primary ◽

Repair Techniques

The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare peripheral nerve regeneration following the use of alternative non neural materials to traditional direct repair techniques and autologous nerve graft. Autologous vein and synthetic polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) segments were used to repair standardized defects of the tibial nerve in rabbits. The materials served as sheaths for direct primary repairs and as conduits to bridge a gap in the nerve. Evaluations performed at five months revealed that direct primary repairs ensheathed by vein segments produced a significantly greater number of axons regenerating across the repair site, whereas PTFE, either as a sheath or conduit, failed to improve axonal regeneration. Also, vein conduits used to bridge nerve gaps was less effective than traditional nerve grafts.

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Comparison of the Effects of Two-Staged Nerve Graft Application and One-Stage Nerve Graft Application on Axonal Regeneration in Long Nerve Defect Reconstruction

Journal of Reconstructive Microsurgery ◽

10.1055/s-0034-1373936 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 30 (S 01) ◽

Author(s):

Fikret Eren ◽

Sinan Oksuz ◽

Bilge Aysal ◽

Zafer Kucukodaci ◽

Mustafa Kendirli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Axonal Regeneration ◽

Nerve Graft ◽

Defect Reconstruction ◽

One Stage

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ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION AND MORPHOFUNCTIONAL STATE OF BLOOD CELLS IN THE BASINS OF THE ISCHEMIC LIMBS IN THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF SURGICAL TREATMENT OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS OBLITERANS

Clinical Practice ◽

10.17816/clinpract2141-46 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 41-46

Author(s):

I I Katelnitsky ◽

S A Pleskachev ◽

M A Burikov ◽

A S Matsionis ◽

P E Povilaytite

Keyword(s):

Surgical Treatment ◽

Red Blood Cells ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Lower Limbs ◽

Lumbar Sympathectomy ◽

Treatment Implementation ◽

Different Types ◽

Red Blood Cell Membranes ◽

Severity Of The Disease ◽

Atherosclerosis Obliterans

The aim of the investigation was to study the morphological condition of blood cells in the basins of the ischemic limbs and their dynamics as a result of various types of surgical treatment. Implementation of combined surgical treatment has a more normalizing effect in comparison with isolated reconstructive surgical treatment. The use of lumbar sympathectomy in patients with occlusive lesions of arteries of lower limbs and varying degrees of ischemia reduces endothelial dysfunction and normalizes a number of parameters describing the morphology and functioning of red blood cells and platelets. There was detected the deformation of red blood cells indicating that the restoration of the plasticity of red blood cell membranes significally reduced the degree of agglutination of red blood cells. According to obtained data the influence of sympathectomy depends on the severity of the disease in general the highest efficiency is observed at the II and III degree of ischemia.

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Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic-nucleotide-gated channels potentially modulate axonal excitability at different thresholds

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.00576.2017 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 118 (6) ◽

pp. 3044-3050 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Dinushi Weerasinghe ◽

Parvathi Menon ◽

Steve Vucic

Keyword(s):

Cyclic Nucleotide ◽

Neurological Diseases ◽

Lower Threshold ◽

Resting Membrane Potential ◽

Hcn Channels ◽

Motor Axons ◽

Cyclic Nucleotide Gated Channels ◽

Sensory Axons ◽

Current Threshold ◽

Axonal Excitability

Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic-nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels mediate differences in sensory and motor axonal excitability at different thresholds in animal models. Importantly, HCN channels are responsible for voltage-gated inward rectifying ( Ih) currents activated during hyperpolarization. The Ih currents exert a crucial role in determining the resting membrane potential and have been implicated in a variety of neurological disorders, including neuropathic pain. In humans, differences in biophysical properties of motor and sensory axons at different thresholds remain to be elucidated and could provide crucial pathophysiological insights in peripheral neurological diseases. Consequently, the aim of this study was to characterize sensory and motor axonal function at different threshold. Median nerve motor and sensory axonal excitability studies were undertaken in 15 healthy subjects (45 studies in total). Tracking targets were set to 20, 40, and 60% of maximum for sensory and motor axons. Hyperpolarizing threshold electrotonus (TEh) at 90–100 ms was significantly increased in lower threshold sensory axons times ( F = 11.195, P < 0.001). In motor axons, the hyperpolarizing current/threshold ( I/ V) gradient was significantly increased in lower threshold axons ( F = 3.191, P < 0.05). The minimum I/ V gradient was increased in lower threshold motor and sensory axons. In conclusion, variation in the kinetics of HCN isoforms could account for the findings in motor and sensory axons. Importantly, assessing the function of HCN channels in sensory and motor axons of different thresholds may provide insights into the pathophysiological processes underlying peripheral neurological diseases in humans, particularly focusing on the role of HCN channels with the potential of identifying novel treatment targets. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic-nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels, which underlie inward rectifying currents ( Ih), appear to mediate differences in sensory and motor axonal properties. Inward rectifying currents are increased in lower threshold motor and sensory axons, although different HCN channel isoforms appear to underlie these changes. While faster activating HCN channels seem to underlie Ih changes in sensory axons, slower activating HCN isoforms appear to be mediating the differences in Ih conductances in motor axons of different thresholds. The differences in HCN gating properties could explain the predilection for dysfunction of sensory and motor axons in specific neurological diseases.

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Repair of Motor Nerve Defects: Comparison of Suture and Fibrin Adhesive Techniques

Otolaryngology ◽

10.1177/019459988910000103 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 100 (1) ◽

pp. 17-21 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Shigeki Nishihira ◽

Thomas V. McCaffrey

Keyword(s):

Sciatic Nerve ◽

Motor Nerve ◽

Nerve Repair ◽

Suture Technique ◽

Nerve Graft ◽

Tissue Adhesive ◽

Muscle Twitch ◽

Fibrin Adhesive ◽

Fibrin Tissue Adhesive ◽

Nerve Muscle

Two groups of rats were used to evaluate the results of nerve repair using fibrin tissue adhesive. In one group of 10 rats, a simple neurotomy of the sciatic nerve was performed. In the second group of 10 rats, a 1-cm segment of sciatic nerve was excised bilaterally and used as an autogenous nerve graft. The neurotomy and the nerve graft were repaired on one side by microsurgical suture technique using 10-0 nylon suture. The opposite side was repaired using fibrin adhesive. The results of the repair were assessed at 12 weeks. Functional assessment of nerve regeneration was performed in those rats with intact repair sites. Nerve-muscle twitch strengths were not significantly different ( p > 0.05) between nerves repaired using suture and fibrin adhesive; however, compound active potential parameters were significantly better in nerve grafts repaired using suture technique ( p < 0.05).

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Acute Sensory Neuronopathy following Enterovirus Infection in a 3-Year-Old Girl

Neuropediatrics ◽

10.1055/s-0037-1601323 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 48 (03) ◽

pp. 190-193 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Chih-Chin Chiu ◽

Chen-Ya Yang ◽

Tsui-Fen Yang ◽

Kon-Ping Lin ◽

Shou-Hsien Huang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sensory Nerve ◽

Lower Limbs ◽

Enterovirus Infection ◽

Sensory Neuronopathy ◽

System Disease ◽

Sensory Axons ◽

Comprehensive Knowledge ◽

Sensory Nerve Action ◽

Posterior Pharynx ◽

Patient’S History

AbstractAcute sensory neuronopathy (SNN) is a rapidly developing peripheral nervous system disease that primarily affects sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglion or trigeminal ganglion, leading to the impairment of sensory axons. SNN is notably uncommon in childhood; only three cases of childhood or adolescent SNN have been reported to date. Moreover, SSN has never been reported in association with enterovirus infection. Here, we report the case of a 3-year-old girl who was initially diagnosed with enterovirus infection based on the presentation of fevers, rashes on all extremities, and ulceration over the posterior pharynx. Nine days later, she presented with ataxic and wide-based gait and dysmetria affecting the extremities, with an absence of sensory nerve action potentials in the upper and lower limbs. The patient was diagnosed with acute SNN based on the criteria developed by Camdessanché et al in 2009. To our knowledge, this is the youngest case of SNN reported to date. In addition, this case reveals that enterovirus infection can be associated with acute SNN in children in rare cases. Accurate diagnosis relies on clinical suspicion, comprehensive knowledge of the patient's history, and careful characterization of abnormal findings in electrodiagnostic studies.

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The fate of motoneurons in the spinal cord after peripheral nerve repair: a quantitative study using the neural tracer horseradish peroxidase

Journal of Neurosurgery ◽

10.3171/jns.1995.82.4.0623 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 82 (4) ◽

pp. 623-629

Author(s):

Joyce A. Gilmour ◽

Lynn M. Myles ◽

Michael A. Glasby

Keyword(s):

Horseradish Peroxidase ◽

Peripheral Nerve ◽

Nerve Repair ◽

Surgical Techniques ◽

Nerve Graft ◽

Severe Injuries ◽

Content Type ◽

Muscle Graft ◽

Functional Connections ◽

Motoneuron Pool

✓ This study assessed the changes that occurred in the spinal motoneuron pool after the repair of a specific peripheral nerve by means of several clinically appropriate surgical techniques: nerve graft, muscle graft, and epineurial suture. The motoneuron pool relating to a single muscle was assessed at 50, 100, 200, and 300 days after repair via retrograde axonal transport of the neural tracer horseradish peroxidase. The results indicate that although a small portion of the motoneuron population dies following peripheral nerve surgery, this is not a significant number. The majority of the anterior horn cells appear to have the ability to both survive nerve transection and form new functional connections with the regenerated nerve after repair. The degree of cell loss is influenced by the nature of the injury and the method of repair implemented. Injuries involving neurotmesis result in the loss of a greater proportion of the cell population than less severe injuries involving axonotmesis. A greater proportion of the motoneuron population is preserved when the severed nerve has been repaired using a direct epineurial suture than when repair is achieved by means of a graft. The two methods of grafting produced comparable results, although the muscle graft tended to result in the preservation of a greater number of cells than the nerve graft, making it an acceptable alternative method for the surgical repair of short gaps in peripheral nerves.

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End-to-side nerve repair using fibrin glue in rats

Acta Cirurgica Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0102-86502010000200007 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

pp. 158-162 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Daniel Nunes e Silva ◽

Julice Coelho ◽

Fabrício de Oliveira Frazílio ◽

Alexandre Nakao Odashiro ◽

Paulo de Tarso Camillo de Carvalho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fibrin Glue ◽

Axonal Regeneration ◽

Nerve Repair ◽

Control Group ◽

Morphometrical Analysis ◽

Walking Pattern ◽

Group A ◽

Nerve Anastomosis ◽

Group B ◽

Control Group Group

PURPOSE: To evaluate axonal regeneration after end-to-side nerve repair with fibrin glue in rats. METHODS: Forty-five Wistar rats were divided into three groups: group A (n=15), were not submitted to surgery (control group); group B (n=15) were submitted to fibular transection without repair; and group C (n=15), were submitted to fibular transection with end-to-side nerve anastomosis using fibrin glue, in the lateral surface of an intact tibial nerve. The three groups were submitted to walking track (30 and 90 days) and posterior morphometrical analysis (90 days). RESULTS: The functional tests demonstrated that there was no difference in the walking track during the study in group A (p>0.05). The group B had walking pattern impairment in the two tests (p>0.05). The group C had walking pattern impairment in the first test, with important recovery in the second test (p<0.05). The morphometrical assessment revealed significantly higher number of regenerated mielinates axons in group C, compared to group B (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The end-to-side nerve repair with fibrin glue shows axonal recovery, demonstrated through functional and morphometrical ways in rats.

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