Identifikasi Antiinflamasi Partisi Metanol, n-Heksan dan Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kemangi (Ocimum Americanum L.) Secara In Vitro

Basil plant (Ocimum americanum) is efficacious as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity. According to research by Sarma and Babu, 2011, Verma and Kothiyal, 2012 showed basil activity as an antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, anthelmintic, antifungal, insecticide, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and lowering total cholesterol and LDL-C levels. The purpose of this study was to determine the stabilization activity of red blood cell membranes on methanol partitioning, n-hexane partitioning and ethanol extract of basil leaves in vitro. This study used the erythrocyte membrane stabilization method from the induction of a hypotonic solution with samples of methanol partitioning, n-hexane partitioning and ethanol extract to be compared with a positive control, namely Na diclofenac. By analyzing the data using UV-Vis spectrophotometry test. These results were supported by the ANOVA statistical test which stated that there was a difference in each treatment and continued with the Tukey test which stated that there was no difference between 100 ppm diclofenac sodium and 400 ppm ethanol extract.Keywords: Extract, Basil (Ocimum americanum) Leaf, In Vitro. AbstrakTumbuhan Kemangi (Ocimum americanum) berkhasiat sebagai aktivitas sebagai anti-inflamasi dan analgesik. Menurut penelitian Sarma dan Babu, 2011.,Verma dan Kothiyal, 2012 menunjukkan aktivitas kemangi sebagai antioksidan, antimikroba, anti diabetes, antihelmintik, antifungi, insektisida, antiinflamasi, analgesic, dan menurunkan kadar total kolesterol dan LDL-C. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui aktivitas stabilisasi membran sel darah merah pada partisi metanol, partisi n-heksan dan ekstrak etanol daun kemangi secara in vitro. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode stabilisasi membran eritrosit dari induksi larutan hipotonik dengan sampel partisi metanol, partisi n-heksan dan ekstrak etanol yang akan dibandingkan dengan kontrol positif yaitu Na diklofenak. Dengan analisis data menggunakan uji spektrofotometri UV-Vis. Hasil ini didukung dengan uji statistik ANOVA yang menyatakan terdapat perbedaan pada setiap perlakuan dan dilanjutkan uji tukey yang menyatakan tidak ada perbedaan pada natrium diklofenak 100 ppm dengan ekstrak etanol konsentrasi 400 ppm.Kata Kunci : Ekstrak, Daun Kemangi (Ocimum americanum), In Vitro.

The Omega-3 Index is Inversely Associated with the Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio in Adults

The EPA+DHA content of red blood cell membranes, i.e., the omega-3 index (O3I), reflects omega-3 fatty acid status. EPA and DHA modulate inflammation via effects on cell signaling and the synthesis of pro-resolving lipid mediators. The neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a measure of innate-adaptive immune system balance and is a biomarker of systemic inflammation. Both a low O3I and an elevated NLR are associated with increased risk for chronic disease and mortality, including cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Our objective was to determine if a relationship existed between O3I and NLR in healthy adults. A healthy cohort of 28,871 non-inflamed individuals [C-reactive protein (CRP) <3 mg/L] was identified from a clinical laboratory dataset. NLR was inversely associated with O3I (p<0.0001) after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, and CRP. In this healthy population, an O3I >6.6% was associated with a low NLR, reflective of a quiescent, balanced immune system.

STRUCTURE OF INTRACRANIAL VEINS AND ELASTIC-VISCOUS PROPERTIES OF RED BLOOD CELL MEMBRANES IN ADOLESCENTS WITH CONNECTIVE TISSUE DYSPLASIA

The aim of the study is to examine the characteristics of intracranial veins (magnetic resonance angiography), and the elastic-viscous properties of the red blood cell membranes (atomic force microscopy) in adolescents with connective tissue dysplasia. Material and Methods. The authors examined 156 adolescents. The main group consisted of 82 adolescents with connective tissue dysplasia. The comparison group included 74 adolescents without connective tissue dysplasia. Connective tissue dysplasia was assessed according to L.N. Abakumova scale (2006). Magnetic resonance angiography was performed on a Siemens Magnetom Symphony apparatus equipped with a superconducting magnetic system with 1.5 Tesla field strength. Preparations of dry red blood cells were made to study red blood cell cytoplasmic membrane. The specimen was scanned using an atomic force microscope SOLVER P47-Pro. Results. The majority of adolescents from the main group demonstrated anatomical variants of the dura mater sinuses structure. At the same time, sinus hypoplasia in patients of the main group was diagnosed more often than asymmetry of these structures. In the comparison group, the number of anatomical variants of the dura mater sinuses structure also prevailed over the symmetrical structure. However, the sinuses asymmetry was more often. Comparative analysis of Young's modulus values in two groups of patients showed a statistically significant superiority of this indicator in the main group. Correlation analysis of the connective tissue dysplasia severity and Young's modulus values revealed a moderate direct correlation. Conclusion. Thus, it can be assumed that in patients with connective tissue dysplasia the cerebral vessel structure and elastic properties of red blood cell membranes formed during embryogenesis impair the functional and adaptive capabilities of intracranial vessels, contributing to the development and progression of cerebral venous disorders and their subsequent clinical manifestation. Key words: intracranial veins, Young's modulus, connective tissue dysplasia. Цель. Исследовать при помощи магнитно-резонансной ангиографии особенности интракраниальных вен и методом атомно-силовой микроскопии – упруго-вязкостные свойства мембран эритроцитов подростков с соединительнотканной дисплазией. Материалы и методы. Обследовано 156 подростков. Основную группу (ОГ) составили 82 подростка с признаками дисплазии соединительной ткани (ДСТ), группу сравнения (ГС) – 74 подростка без проявлений ДСТ. ДСТ оценивали по шкале Л.Н. Абакумовой (2006). Магнитно-резонансная ангиография проводилась на аппарате Siemens Magnetom Symphony, оснащенном сверхпроводящей магнитной системой с силой поля 1,5 Тесла. С целью изучения состояния цитоплазматической мембраны эритроцитов были изготовлены сухие препараты эритроцитов. Препарат подвергался сканированию, которое проводилось с помощью атомно-силового микроскопа SOLVER P47-Pro. Результаты. У большинства подростков ОГ выявлены анатомические варианты строения синусов твердой мозговой оболочки. При этом гипоплазия синусов у пациентов ОГ диагностировалась чаще, чем асимметрия данных структур. В ГС количество анатомических вариантов строения синусов твердой мозговой оболочки также превалировало над симметричным строением, но чаще диагностировалась асимметрия синусов. Сравнительный анализ значений модуля Юнга в двух группах пациентов показал статистически значимое превосходство данного показателя в ОГ. Корреляционный анализ степени выраженности ДСТ и значений модуля Юнга выявил умеренную прямую корреляцию. Выводы. Можно предположить, что имеющиеся при ДСТ особенности структуры церебральных сосудов и эластических свойств мембран эритроцитов, заложенные в процессе эмбриогенеза, ухудшают функциональные и адаптационные возможности интракраниальных сосудов, что способствует возникновению и прогрессированию церебральных венозных расстройств и их последующей клинической манифестации. Ключевые слова: интракраниальные вены, модуль Юнга, дисплазия соединительной ткани.

Preparation and Characterization of Anti-Cancer Crystal Drugs Based on Erythrocyte Membrane Nanoplatform

The simple and functional modification of the nanoparticle’s surface is used to efficiently deliver chemotherapeutic drugs for anti-cancer treatment. Here, we construct a nanocrystalline drug delivery system with doxorubicin wrapped in red blood cell membranes for the treatment of mouse breast cancer models. Compared with traditional free drug treatments, the biodegradable natural red blood cell membrane is combined with pure crystalline drugs. The nanoparticles obtained by the preparation method have superior properties, such as good stability, significantly delaying the release of drugs and enhancing the inhibitory effect on tumor cells. This study shows that the design of RBC as an outsourced drug delivery system provides a promising foundation for the continued development, clinical trials, and nanomedicine research of anti-cancer drug nanocarriers in the future.

Interaction of 4′-methylflavonoids with biological membranes, liposomes, and human albumin

The aim of the study was to compare the impact of three synthesized chemical compounds from a group of methylated flavonoids, i.e. 2′-hydroxy-4-methylchalcone (3), 4′-methylflavanone (4), and 4′-methylflavone (5), on a red blood cell membranes (RBCMs), phosphatidylcholine model membranes (PC), and human serum albumin (HSA) in order to investigate their structure–activity relationships. In the first stage of the study, it was proved that all of the compounds tested do not cause hemolysis of red blood cells and, therefore, do not have a toxic effect. In biophysical studies, it was shown that flavonoids have an impact on the hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions of membranes (both RBCMs and PC) causing an increase in packing order of lipid heads and a decrease in fluidity, respectively. Whereas, on the one hand, the magnitude of these changes depends on the type of the compound tested, on the other hand, it also depends on the type of membrane. 4′-Methylflavanone and 4′-methylflavone are located mainly in the hydrophilic part of lipid membranes, while 2′-hydroxy-4-methylchalcone has a greater impact on the hydrophobic area. A fluorescence quenching study proved that compounds (3), (4) and (5) bind with HSA in a process of static quenching. The binding process is spontaneous whereas hydrogen bonding interactions and van der Waals forces play a major role in the interaction between the compounds and HSA.

Biomimetic recombinant of red blood cell membranes for improved photothermal therapy

Background RBC membrane derived nanoparticles (NPs) represent an emerging platform with prolonged circulation capacity for the delivery of active substances. For functionalize derived RBCs NPs, various strategies, such as biomimetic rebuilding of RBCs, chemical modification or inserting ligands, have been carried out to improve their performance. However, one potential adverse effect for these methods is the structural failure of membrane proteins, consequently affecting its original immune escape function. Results In this study, we reported a green technology of “disassembly-reassembly” to prepare biomimetic reconstituted RBCs membrane (rRBCs) by separating the endogenous proteins and lipids from nature RBC membrane. IR780 iodide was used as a pattern drug to verify the property and feasibility of rRBCs by constructing IR780@rRBC NPs with IR780@RBC NPs and free IR780 as controls. The results demonstrated the superiority of IR780@rRBC NPs in toxicity, stability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics compared with IR780@rRBC and free IR780. Conclusions The reported “disassembly-reassembly” strategy shows great potential to produce controllable and versatile rRBC membrane-inspired delivery platform, which may be used to overcome the deficiency of functionalization in cell membrane coated nanoparticles . Graphic abstract