Some observations on the free living stages of the cattle lungworm in relation to their natural environment

1954 ◽  
Vol 64 ◽  
pp. 195-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.F. Michel ◽  
J.H. Rose
Keyword(s):  
Natural Environment ◽  
Free Living

scholarly journals Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Aeromonas spp. Colonizing European Pond Turtles Emys orbicularis and Their Natural Environment. First Study from Poland

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2772
Author(s):  
Leszek Guz ◽  
Aneta Nowakiewicz ◽  
Krzysztof Puk ◽  
Przemysław Zięba ◽  
Sebastian Gnat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Virulence Gene ◽  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Emys Orbicularis

The aim of the study was to isolate and identify species belonging to the Aeromonas genus and evaluate the antimicrobial resistance and virulence patterns of isolates colonizing European pond turtles (Emys orbicularis) from natural environment of Eastern Poland. In total, 74 turtles and 15 samples of water from their natural environment were examined. More than 40 strains were isolated and identified: A. bestiarum (n = 1), A. hydrophila (n = 13), A. allosaccharophila (n = 2), A. salmonicida (n = 3), and A. veronii (n = 23). The highest incidence of resistance was noted for ampicillin (100%) and sulfamethoxazole (62.0%), followed by erythromycin and colistin (both 40.5%). Moreover, eight strains were intermediately resistant to meropenem (19%). Most Aeromonas isolates were found to possess more than one virulence gene among fla, aer, hlyA, act, ela, alt, and ast. We showed that the population of free-living European pond turtles was highly colonized by Aeromonas spp. Such strains may be an infectious agent not only for the population of turtles but also for other species of animals inhabiting their natural environment. Moreover, the undesirable properties of water quality caused by the presence of drug-resistant aeromonads could have a negative impact on human health.

scholarly journals Personality predicts spatial responses to food manipulations in free-ranging great tits ( Parus major )

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thijs van Overveld ◽  
Erik Matthysen
Keyword(s):  
Natural Environment ◽  
Food Supply ◽  
Abrupt Change ◽  
Parus Major ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Personality Differences ◽  
Spatial Response ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Free Ranging

Personality differences measured under standardized lab-conditions are assumed to reflect differences in the way individuals cope with spatio-temporal changes in their natural environment, but few studies have examined how these are expressed in the field. We tested whether exploratory behaviour in a novel environment predicts how free-living individual great tits ( Parus major ) react to a change in food supply. We temporarily removed food at feeding stations during two summers and recorded the behavioural response of juvenile birds to these food manipulations using radio-tracking. When challenged by an abrupt change in food supply, fast-exploring individuals more rapidly switched to different foraging areas at longer distances from the feeder. This study is the first to show that personality traits predict the spatial response to experimentally induced changes in their natural environment.

scholarly journals Milk Composition of Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus) in a Natural Environment in Myanmar during Late Lactation

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen S. Dierenfeld ◽  
Yadana A. M. Han ◽  
Khyne U. Mar ◽  
Aung Aung ◽  
Aung Thura Soe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Environment ◽  
Diet Composition ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Asian Elephants ◽  
Feeding Management ◽  
Captive Populations

The nutritional content of milk from free-living Asian elephants has not previously been reported, despite being vital for better management of captive populations. This study analyzed both milk composition and consumed plant species of Asian elephants managed in their natural environment in Myanmar. Longitudinal samples (n = 36) were obtained during both the wet and the dry season from six mature females in mid to late lactation in 2016 and 2017. Milk composition averaged 82.44% water, with 17.56% total solids containing 5.23% protein, 15.10% fat, 0.87% ash, and 0.18 µg/mL vitamin E. Solids and protein increased with lactation month. Total protein in milk was higher during the wet vs. the dry season. Observed factors linked with maternal (age, parity, size and origin) and calf traits (sex) had significant associations with milk nutrient levels. Primary forages consumed contained moderate protein and fiber. Higher dietary protein during the wet season (11–25%) compared to the dry season (6–19%) may be linked with increased milk protein observed. Our results call for further field studies of milk and diet composition, over entire seasons/lactation periods, and across maternal and calf traits, to improve feeding management, with an overall goal of maximized health and survival.

scholarly journals A Standardized Protocol for Quantifying the Behavioral Dynamics of Food-seeking in Mice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong-Soo Ha ◽  
Young Hee Lee ◽  
Kyu Sik Kim ◽  
You Bin Kim ◽  
Hyung Jin Choi
Keyword(s):  
Natural Environment ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Test Phase ◽  
Powerful Method ◽  
Multiple Forms ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Behavioral Dynamics ◽  
Standardized Protocol ◽  
Food Seeking ◽  
Taste And Smell

Food is generally hidden in a natural environment and require free-living animals to search for it. Although such food-seeking behaviors involve motivation and exploration, previous studies examined food-seeking simply by measuring the time spent in the food zone or the frequency of pursuing food-cued context. Moreover, after discovering food, animals need to taste and smell it in order to evaluate their nutritional value or possible toxicity. However, researchers could not easily distinguish food-seeking from food-evaluating behaviors because food was visible or accessible throughout each test. Herein, we describe a behavioral protocol that triggers animals to show the behavioral dynamics of food-seeking (e.g., navigation, nose-digging, and paw-digging) and that exclusively elicits food-seeking without provoking any other food-evaluating behaviors. First, we prepared an open-field box with the floor covered with bedding. After we hid foods under the bedding of each corner, the test mice were habituated in this arena for four days (pre-test phase). On the next day (test phase), they were placed under the same conditions, but the foods previously hidden were removed. This process enabled the mice to perceive their surroundings as a food-hidden environment, which induced the animal to exhibit sustained food-seeking. In conclusion, the protocol presented here is a powerful method for provoking multiple forms of food-seeking and quantifies food-seeking independently from other food-related behavioral stages.

scholarly journals Environmental free-living amoebae can predate on diverse antibiotic-resistant human pathogens

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Félix Bornier ◽  
Eline Zas ◽  
Damien Potheret ◽  
Maria-Halima Laaberki ◽  
Bénédicte Coupat-Goutaland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Rich Source ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Eukaryotic Microorganisms ◽  
Highly Virulent

We here sought to test the resistance of human pathogens to unaltered environmental free-living amoebae. Amoebae are ubiquitous eukaryotic microorganisms and important predators of bacteria. Environmental amoebae have also been proposed to serve both as potential reservoir and training ground for human pathogens. However, studies addressing their relationship with human pathogens often rely on a few domesticated amoebae selected to feed on rich medium, thereby possibly overestimating the resistance of pathogens to these predatory phagocytes. From an open-air composting site, we recovered over a hundred diverse amoebae able to feed on Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae . In a standardized and quantitative assay for predation, the isolated amoebae showed a broad predation spectrum, killing clinical isolates of A. baumannii , K. pneumoniae , Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus . Interestingly, A. baumannii , previously reported to resist predation by laboratory strains of Acanthamoeba , is efficiently consumed by closely related environmental amoebae. The isolated amoebae are capable of feeding on highly virulent carbapenem-resistant or methicillin-resistant clinical isolates. In conclusion, the natural environment is a rich source of amoebae with broad-spectrum bactericidal activities, including against antibiotic resistant isolates. Importance Free-living amoebae have been proposed to play in important role in hosting and disseminating various human pathogens. The resistance of human pathogens to predation by amoebae is often derived from in vitro experiments using model amoebae. We here sought to isolate environmental amoebae and test their predation on diverse human pathogens, with results that challenge conclusions based on model amoebae. We found that the natural environment is a rich source of diverse amoebae with broad-spectrum predatory activities against human pathogens, including highly virulent and antibiotic resistant clinical isolates.

mTeeth

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Sayma Akther ◽  
Nazir Saleheen ◽  
Mithun Saha ◽  
Vivek Shetty ◽  
Santosh Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Inertial Sensors ◽  
Inertial Sensor ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Manual Toothbrush ◽  
The Impact

Ensuring that all the teeth surfaces are adequately covered during daily brushing can reduce the risk of several oral diseases. In this paper, we propose the mTeeth model to detect teeth surfaces being brushed with a manual toothbrush in the natural free-living environment using wrist-worn inertial sensors. To unambiguously label sensor data corresponding to different surfaces and capture all transitions that last only milliseconds, we present a lightweight method to detect the micro-event of brushing strokes that cleanly demarcates transitions among brushing surfaces. Using features extracted from brushing strokes, we propose a Bayesian Ensemble method that leverages the natural hierarchy among teeth surfaces and patterns of transition among them. For training and testing, we enrich a publicly-available wrist-worn inertial sensor dataset collected from the natural environment with time-synchronized precise labels of brushing surface timings and moments of transition. We annotate 10,230 instances of brushing on different surfaces from 114 episodes and evaluate the impact of wide between-person and within-person between-episode variability on machine learning model's performance for brushing surface detection.

Random isn't real: How the patchy distribution of ecological rewards may generate “incentive hope”

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurel Symes ◽  
Thalia Wheatley
Keyword(s):  
Natural Environment ◽  
Random Distribution ◽  
Spatiotemporal Distribution ◽  
Patchy Distribution ◽  
Distribution Of Resources

AbstractAnselme & Güntürkün generate exciting new insights by integrating two disparate fields to explain why uncertain rewards produce strong motivational effects. Their conclusions are developed in a framework that assumes a random distribution of resources, uncommon in the natural environment. We argue that, by considering a realistically clumped spatiotemporal distribution of resources, their conclusions will be stronger and more complete.

Extreme self-sacrifice beyond fusion: Moral expansiveness and the special case of allyship

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Crimston ◽  
Matthew J. Hornsey
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Biological Markers ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Relevant Dimension ◽  
Special Case

AbstractAs a general theory of extreme self-sacrifice, Whitehouse's article misses one relevant dimension: people's willingness to fight and die in support of entities not bound by biological markers or ancestral kinship (allyship). We discuss research on moral expansiveness, which highlights individuals’ capacity to self-sacrifice for targets that lie outside traditional in-group markers, including racial out-groups, animals, and the natural environment.

Ultrastructure of neuromuscular relationships in the canine heartworm (dirofilaria immitis)

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 278-279
Author(s):  
W. L. Steffens ◽  
Nancy B. Roberts ◽  
J. M. Bowen
Keyword(s):  
Dirofilaria Immitis ◽  
Domestic Dogs ◽  
Structural Description ◽  
Pharmacological Effects ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Canine Heartworm ◽  
The World ◽  
Synaptic Region ◽  
Muscle Innervation ◽  
Insight Into

The canine heartworm is a common and serious nematode parasite of domestic dogs in many parts of the world. Although nematode neuroanatomy is fairly well documented, the emphasis has been on sensory anatomy and primarily in free-living soil species and ascarids. Lee and Miller reported on the muscular anatomy in the heartworm, but provided little insight into the peripheral nervous system or myoneural relationships. The classical fine-structural description of nematode muscle innervation is Rosenbluth's earlier work in Ascaris. Since the pharmacological effects of some nematacides currently being developed are neuromuscular in nature, a better understanding of heartworm myoneural anatomy, particularly in reference to the synaptic region is warranted.

Philosophy and the Natural Environment

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Attfield ◽  
Andrew Belsey
Keyword(s):  
Natural Environment
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