Abstract
Introduction
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death worldwide, placing a major economic and resource burden on health and public health systems, so efforts are being made to accurately predict risk for major adverse cardiac events (MACE). The field of risk prediction and CAD prevention continues to evolve with the identification of novel risk factors and biomarkers, such as lipoprotein a [Lp)a]. Almost 20% of the population has elevated circulating levels of Lp(a), which is recognized as an independent risk factor for CAD, stroke, peripheral arterial disease, and aortic stenosis. Importantly, studies showed that this was particularly true for women.
Objective
To evaluate if the elevation of Lp(a) is associated with MACE in female, male or both.
Materials and methods
Case control study of 3050 subjects from the GENEMACOR study population. In female population (n=676): cases were 341 patients with at least one >75% coronary stenosis (median age 55.7±7.2) and 335 normal controls (median age 55.8±6) adjusted by age with cases. In male population (n=2374): 1278 patients with at least one >75% coronary stenosis (median age 52.7±8) and 1096 controls (median age 51.9±8) also adjusted by age. χ2 and T student tests were used to analyze the demographic, laboratorial, angiographic and anthropometric characteristics of the population. Lipoprotein (a) was determined by immunoturbidimetry. High Lp(a) level was considered if superior to 30 mg/dl. Logistic regression was used to evaluate Lp(a) as a risk factor for CAD in total, female and male populations.
Results
In female population 44.0% patients vs 21.2% controls (p<0.000) had Lp(a)>30mg/dl. In male population 39.4% patients vs 23.8% controls (p<0.000) had Lp(a)>30mg/dl. In total population Lp(a)>30mg/dl was a predictor for CAD (OR 2.24, 95% CI: 1.91–2.62, p<0.0001). Analyzing by gender, Lp(a)>30mg/dl was also a predictor for CAD either in male (OR 2.08, 95% CI: 1.74–2.5, p<0.0001) or female population (OR 2.92, 95% CI: 2.08–4.09, p<0.0001).
Conclusions
As opposed to other studies, in our population elevated Lp(a) levels (>30mg/dl) were associated with elevated CAD risk, in both men and women. We conclude that Lp(a) can be considered an independent risk factor for CAD disease in our population, and further strategies for Lp(a) reduction may indeed translate in improved outcomes in CAD disease.
CIRCULATING ESTRADIOL IS A MORE POWERFUL INDEPENDENT RISK FACTOR AND PREDICTOR THAN ADIPONECTIN AND 1,25(OH)2D3 FOR METABOLIC SYNDROME IN MIDDLE-AGED MALE POPULATION
