scholarly journals Stress Responsivity in Childhood and Adulthood: Role of the Glucocorticoid Receptor Gene

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
S. Claes ◽  
D. van West ◽  
J. Del-Favero ◽  
D. Deboutte
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Glucocorticoid Receptor ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Prenatal Stress ◽  
Psychosocial Stress ◽  
Gene Polymorphisms ◽  
Cortisol Responses ◽  
Response Systems ◽  
The Impact

Aims:Prenatal stress has been associated with lifelong disturbances in stress response systems and with an increased vulnerability for psychiatric disorders. However, the effect of prenatal stress is at least partially determined by individual genetic makeup. Recent data confim the potential role of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene in modulating stress response and in the liability to develop mood disorders. In genetic association studies, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the GR gene were linked to variation in stress response systems (1). In a preliminary investigation, we studied 106 prepubertal children to estimate the impact of four GR gene polymorphisms on cortisol responses after a psychosocial stress test.Results:Carriers of the ER22/23EK mutation displayed significant lower cortisol responses to psychosocial stress compared to noncarriers. This particular polymorphism has earlier been associated to the vulnerability to develop MDD by our own research group (2) and independently by another publication (3).Conclusion:These findings support the relevance of GR gene polymorphisms in general and of the ER22/23EK polymorphism in particular in HPA axis regulation and in the vulnerability for psychiatric disorders.

scholarly journals Racism, racial life events and mental ill health

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 343-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dinesh Bhugra ◽  
Oyedeji Ayonrinde
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Life Events ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Positive Life Events ◽  
Minority Ethnic Groups ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
The Impact

The association of life events with the onset of various psychiatric disorders is well-known. The body of evidence has highlighted the impact of negative or positive life events on the genesis of common mental disorders, especially depression. These findings have been replicated across different cultures, although the impact of different life events varies between cultures. In addition, the roles of chronic difficulties (defined in Life events and psychiatric disorders, below) and resulting ongoing chronic stress have been shown to contribute to vulnerability to certain mental illnesses. However, data on the impact of life events, especially those perceived as racial, on members of minority ethnic groups are rather sparse. The questions that need to be addressed concern the perception of life events as racial, the role of pervasive and perceived institutional and individual racism, and chronic difficulties.

The Potential Role of a Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Receptor-1 Antagonist in Psychiatric Disorders

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 467-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen M. Stahl ◽  
Dana D. Wise
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Corticotropin Releasing Factor ◽  
Recovering Alcoholic ◽  
Mood And Cognition ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is a key mediator of the stress response in humans. The corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) type 1 receptor (CRFR-1) in the pituitary gland is a gatekeeper for that response, and the CRFR-1 receptor is also present in many other mood- and cognition-related neural structures. Behaviorally, a number of relationships between stress and psychiatric disorders can be observed: chronic or repeated stress is associated with onset of depression; stressors can cause a recovering alcoholic to relapse; overactive stress responses mark many anxiety disorders; and insomnia can arise from an overactive stress response. Thus, a CRFR-1 antagonist could be useful for treating or preventing the consequences of CRF-mediated stress in depression, anxiety, insomnia, and substance abuse.

Beyond allostatic load: Rethinking the role of stress in regulating human development

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce J. Ellis ◽  
Marco Del Giudice
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Allostatic Load ◽  
Life History Theory ◽  
Calibration Model ◽  
Load Model ◽  
Adaptive Calibration ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Response Systems

AbstractHow do exposures to stress affect biobehavioral development and, through it, psychiatric and biomedical disorder? In the health sciences, the allostatic load model provides a widely accepted answer to this question: stress responses, while essential for survival, have negative long-term effects that promote illness. Thus, the benefits of mounting repeated biological responses to threat are traded off against costs to mental and physical health. The adaptive calibration model, an evolutionary–developmental theory of stress–health relations, extends this logic by conceptualizing these trade-offs as decision nodes in allocation of resources. Each decision node influences the next in a chain of resource allocations that become instantiated in the regulatory parameters of stress response systems. Over development, these parameters filter and embed information about key dimensions of environmental stress and support, mediating the organism's openness to environmental inputs, and function to regulate life history strategies to match those dimensions. Drawing on the adaptive calibration model, we propose that consideration of biological fitness trade-offs, as delineated by life history theory, is needed to more fully explain the complex relations between developmental exposures to stress, stress responsivity, behavioral strategies, and health. We conclude that the adaptive calibration model and allostatic load model are only partially complementary and, in some cases, support different approaches to intervention. In the long run, the field may be better served by a model informed by life history theory that addresses the adaptive role of stress response systems in regulating alternative developmental pathways.

Biological Sensitivity to Context

2019 ◽  
pp. 600-624
Author(s):  
Nila Shakiba ◽  
Elisabeth Conradt ◽  
Bruce J. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Life Experiences ◽  
Developmental Model ◽  
Context Model ◽  
Stress Responsivity ◽  
Response Systems ◽  
Biological Sensitivity To Context

It is now well established that early experiences of adversity play a central role in development of many mental health problems in adulthood. However, the effects are more pronounced and detrimental for some individuals compared to others. Informed by the biological sensitivity to context model, an evolutionary-developmental model of individual differences in stress responsivity, the present chapter highlights the role of stress response system as one moderating mechanism in the pathway between early life experiences and development of internalizing and externalizing behaviors. The model posits that the magnitude and integrated patterns of autonomic and adrenocortical responses to psychosocial challenges are indicators of the organisms’ level of susceptibility to both positive and negative environmental influences. The final part of the chapter focuses on the role of early life experiences in programming the functioning of stress response systems, development of adaptive stress responsivity patterns, and related behavioral profiles.

scholarly journals The Role of Dietary Supplements in Depression and Anxiety – A Narrative Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (06) ◽  
pp. 261-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Knut Hoffmann ◽  
Barbara Emons ◽  
Stefan Brunnhuber ◽  
Sedya Karaca ◽  
Georg Juckel
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Dietary Supplements ◽  
Psychiatric Treatment ◽  
Practical Knowledge ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
German Society ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Introduction Dietary supplements are very widely used in the general population and there is a growing market for them, which is against the recommendations of the German Society for Nutrition. There is some evidence that dietary supplements are useful additions in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. This review is an overview of available practical knowledge regarding the use of supplements in psychiatric treatment. In particular, the review focused on the diagnosis of depression and anxiety in terms of supplement treatment. Methods This is a narrative review of the evidence regarding supplements for treating anxiety and depression. We searched PubMed to 2018. Two reviewers screened the citations and abstracted the data. Phytopharmaceutical attends and animal-based data were excluded. Results There are strong indications regarding the impact of supplements on the selected psychiatric disorders, but at this time, there only a few randomized clinical studies available, so evidence for these findings is quite low. However, it must be noted that there are strong hints for a relationship between vitamin D level and depression. Furthermore, various supplements have got potentially an influence on the characteristics of depression. Discussion This review summarizes the current knowledge about supplements when used for some psychiatric conditions, but the data does not provide compelling evidence in any direction. There are only indications that there is an influence of supplements on psychiatric diseases. In support of this, there is further need for high-quality studies in this field. Reviews on other diagnoses, such as schizophrenia and dementia, will be part of further work.

scholarly journals The Impact of Ethologically Relevant Stressors on Adult Mammalian Neurogenesis

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Jorgensen ◽  
James Taylor ◽  
Tyler Barton
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Adult Neurogenesis ◽  
Psychosocial Stress ◽  
Environmental Enrichment ◽  
Functional Integration ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Induced Stress ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The Impact

Adult neurogenesis—the formation and functional integration of adult-generated neurons—remains a hot neuroscience topic. Decades of research have identified numerous endogenous (such as neurotransmitters and hormones) and exogenous (such as environmental enrichment and exercise) factors that regulate the various neurogenic stages. Stress, an exogenous factor, has received a lot of attention. Despite the large number of reviews discussing the impact of stress on adult neurogenesis, no systematic review on ethologically relevant stressors exists to date. The current review details the effects of conspecifically-induced psychosocial stress (specifically looking at the lack or disruption of social interactions and confrontation) as well as non-conspecifically-induced stress on mammalian adult neurogenesis. The underlying mechanisms, as well as the possible functional role of the altered neurogenesis level, are also discussed. The reviewed data suggest that ethologically relevant stressors reduce adult neurogenesis.

scholarly journals Moderating role of FKBP5 genotype in the impact of childhood adversity on cortisol stress response during adulthood

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 837-845 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arlette F. Buchmann ◽  
Nathalie Holz ◽  
Regina Boecker ◽  
Dorothea Blomeyer ◽  
Marcella Rietschel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Childhood Adversity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Moderating Role

Role of Genetic Polymorphisms of Cytochrome P450 2C19 in Pantoprazole Metabolism and Pantoprazole-based Helicobacter pylori Eradication Regimens

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 830-837 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulius Jonaitis ◽  
Laimas Jonaitis ◽  
Juozas Kupcinskas
Keyword(s):  
Helicobacter Pylori ◽  
Cytochrome P450 ◽  
Genetic Polymorphisms ◽  
Gene Polymorphisms ◽  
Routine Practice ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Helicobacter Pylori Eradication ◽  
P450 Gene ◽  
The Impact

Background: Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes play an important role in the metabolism of 70-80% of the currently used medications, including proton pump inhibitors. There are some data analyzing the impact of gene polymorphisms of CYP450 enzymes on most widely used PPIs, such as omeprazole, however, the data on pantoprazole are highly lacking. Objective: To summarize the most recent publications and studies on the role of polymorphisms of the genes encoding CYP450 enzyme 2C19 in the metabolism of pantoprazole and pantoprazole based Helicobacter pylori eradication regimens. Methods: We performed a non-systematic search of the available literature on the selected topic. Results and conclusion: The data on cytochrome P450 gene polymorphisms and their role in pantoprazole metabolism and pantoprazole based Helicobacter pylori eradication remain conflicting. Individual differences in pantoprazole metabolism might be partly related to genetic polymorphisms of CYP450 enzymes. Most of the studies support the observation that cytochrome 2C19 polymorphisms have an impact on the pharmacokinetics of pantoprazole and its therapeutic effects: poor metabolizers of PPIs are more likely to have a better response to pantoprazole therapy and achieve better H. pylori eradication rates compared to rapid metabolizers. The determination of alleles that are associated with decreased (e.g., *2, *3 alleles) or increased (e.g., *17 allele) cytochrome 2C19 enzyme activity might be used as predictive factors for the potential of acid suppression and the success of Helicobacter pylori eradication. Overall, currently available data do not provide robust evidence, therefore, the application of genetic polymorphisms of cytochrome enzymes in clinical practice still cannot be recommended as routine practice for personalized pantoprazole prescription strategies.

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