Genes that determine flower color: the role of regulatory changes in the evolution of phenotypic adaptations

2003 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 507-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Durbin
PLoS ONE ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. e39010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shun K. Hirota ◽  
Kozue Nitta ◽  
Yuni Kim ◽  
Aya Kato ◽  
Nobumitsu Kawakubo ◽  
...  

Ecology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 84 (7) ◽  
pp. 1733-1743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca E. Irwin ◽  
Sharon Y. Strauss ◽  
Shonna Storz ◽  
Aimee Emerson ◽  
Genevieve Guibert

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-80
Author(s):  
Snezana Bardarova ◽  
Mimoza Serafimova ◽  
Drasko Atanasoski

The SME sector is the driving force of inclusive economic growth in Macedonia and in creating sustainable jobs and increasing productivity. Today, small enterprises have a growing number of supporters who believe that small enterprises are carriers of innovation and entrepreneurship and are able to react quickly to changes in the environment. For years, Macedonia has suffered from high unemployment, but this trend is beginning to decrease. However, as a country with a relatively young economy and a long transition period, unemployment is one of the main problems in the Macedonian economy. The condition of the labor market regulation is the field in which the country invests and strives to provide support to the population with the relevant laws, which is recognized through regulatory changes that affect the life cycle of business and employment. However, it is worth noting the trend of a gradual reduction in unemployment in recent years, despite the global effects of the crisis, due to several factors, including active employment measures (ALMs), measures against the gray economy, job creation in new companies with foreign capital, and a gradual economic recovery positively affect the reduction of unemployment. The subject of research in this paper is focused on analysis of SMEs and the measures for supporting their development with a special emphasis on employment, as well as conducting analysis of the active enterprises in the Republic of Macedonia by size, by sector and by number of employees, analysis of the activity of the population and employment by sectors. The aim of the paper is to determine the role of the SME support measures on solving the issues that the companies in Macedonia face in terms of creating new jobs.


2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (21) ◽  
pp. 7960
Author(s):  
Sun-Hyung Lim ◽  
Bora Park ◽  
Da-Hye Kim ◽  
Sangkyu Park ◽  
Ju-Hee Yang ◽  
...  

Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) catalyzes a committed step in anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin biosynthesis by reducing dihydroflavonols to leucoanthocyanidins. However, the role of this enzyme in determining flower color in the economically important crop chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) is unknown. Here, we isolated cDNAs encoding DFR from two chrysanthemum cultivars, the white-flowered chrysanthemum “OhBlang” (CmDFR-OB) and the red-flowered chrysanthemum “RedMarble” (CmDFR-RM) and identified variations in the C-terminus between the two sequences. An enzyme assay using recombinant proteins revealed that both enzymes catalyzed the reduction of dihydroflavonol substrates, but CmDFR-OB showed significantly reduced DFR activity for dihydrokaempferol (DHK) substrate as compared with CmDFR-RM. Transcript levels of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes were consistent with the anthocyanin contents at different flower developmental stages of both cultivars. The inplanta complementation assay, using Arabidopsis thaliana dfr mutant (tt3-1), revealed that CmDFR-RM, but not CmDFR-OB, transgenes restored defective anthocyanin biosynthesis of this mutant at the seedling stage, as well as proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in the seed. The difference in the flower color of two chrysanthemums can be explained by the C-terminal variation of CmDFR combined with the loss of CmF3H expression during flower development.


SMART ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-183
Author(s):  
Dwi Martiningsih ◽  
Arif Zamhari

The management of zakat is dynamic dealing with the socio-political context in a country, including Indonesia. Zakat regulation  change from UU/38/1999 to UU/23/2011 pratically require adaptation from the role of zakat institutions in Indonesia. Zakat management institution in the community such as NU-Care LAZISNU and LAZISMU as zakat management institutions with civil society-based in programs and activities certainly cannot be separated from these regulatory changes. The regulation change was responded by changing its role as a zakat management institution. This article aims to describe the activities of NU-Care LAZISNU and LAZISMU and their position in responding zakat law. This research uses a case study approach and is designed in the form of a descriptive analysis to reveal field findings. The results of this research reveal that changes in national zakat management bring opportunities as well as challenges for zakat management institutions, both government zakat institutions and non-government zakat institutions. NU-care LAZISNU and LAZISMU build some adjustments by modernizing their institutions. These two civil society-based zakat institutions carry out various strategies in collecting, distributing and empowering zakat, infaq, and sedekah.


2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 3408
Author(s):  
Heike Duda ◽  
Janina Hesse ◽  
Birgit Haschberger ◽  
Anneliese Hilger ◽  
Christine Keipert

Hemophilia is a rare heredity bleeding disorder that requires treatment for life. While few therapeutic options were available in the past, multiple recent breakthroughs have fundamentally altered and diversified hemophilia therapy, with even more new therapeutic options forthcoming. These changes are mirrored by significant regulatory and legal changes, which have redefined the role of hemophilia registries in the European Union (EU). This dual paradigm shift poses new regulatory, scientific but also structural requirements for hemophilia registries. The aim of this manuscript is to enumerate these significant challenges and to demonstrate their incorporation into the redesign of the German Hemophilia Registry (Deutsches Hämophilieregister, dhr). To identify the spectrum of hemophilia therapies and the degree of regulatory changes, a horizon screening was performed. Consequently, a core dataset for the dhr was defined by harmonization with regulatory guidelines as well as other hemophilia registries and by heeding the needs of different stakeholders (patients, clinicians, regulators, and scientists). Based on this information, a new registry structure was established, which is optimized for capturing data on new and established hemophilia therapies in a changing therapeutic and regulatory landscape


Author(s):  
Yurong Li ◽  
Wenji Li ◽  
Di Hu ◽  
Ting Lei ◽  
Ping Shen ◽  
...  

2019 ◽  
pp. 47-62
Author(s):  
DIEGO FERNANDO GARCÍA VIZCARRA

La importancia de las contrataciones con el Estado ha dado lugar, en los últimos veinte años, al desarrollo de un marco regulatorio cada vez más amplio y especializado, en el cual la figura del arbitraje ha cobrado un protagonismo singular, dado que el propio ordenamiento peruano abstrajo de este mecanismo de solución de controversias sus características originarias, dotándole una identidad propia en este ámbito de aplicación. Con los diversos cambios normativos que ha sufrido el régimen, el arbitraje en contrataciones con el Estado ha sido objeto de numerosos ajustes, tanto en lo sustantivo como en lo adjetivo, encontrándonos hoy en día ante una disciplina especializada que aún está en proceso de consolidación debido a que, si bien se han dado importantes pasos para la compatibilización del arbitraje con nociones e instituciones propias del Derecho Público, todavía incide significativamenteen su desarrollo la frágil estabilidad del marco legal que lo contempla y la presencia de deficiencias regulatorias que no han podido coadyuvar a superar problemas suscitados en la práctica arbitral relacionados a su propia aplicabilidad e, incluso, al rol de los árbitros. En ese sentido, el presente trabajo tiene por objetivo graficar —desde una perspectiva analítica— el actual panorama del arbitraje en contrataciones con el Estado, a partir de las principales reglasincorporadas en las recientes modificaciones a la Ley N.º 30225, Ley de Contrataciones del Estado, y a su Reglamento, cuya pertinencia y eficacia será objeto de reflexión en relación al contexto antes descrito, a partir de la ratio legis que se desprende de las mismas. The importance of contracting with the State has given rise to the development of an increasingly broad and specialized regulatory framework, in the last twenty years, in which the arbitration figure has taken on a unique role, as the Peruvian legal order abstract of this mechanism of dispute resolution its origin features, giving itself own identity in this field of application. With the various regulatory changes that the regime has gone through, arbitrationin contracting with the State has been object to numerous adjustments, as in the substantive as in the adjective, facing today a specialized discipline that is still in the process of consolidation due to, although important steps have been taken for the compatibility of arbitration with notions and institutions of Public Law, the fragile stability of the legal framework that contemplates it and the presence of regulatory deficiencies that have not been able to contributeto overcome problems raised in arbitration practice related to their own applicability, they still have a significant impact, and even to the role of arbitrators. In this sense, the present work aims to graph —from an analytical perspective— the current overview of arbitration in contracting with the State, based on the main rules incorporated in the recent amendments to Law N.° 30225, Law on State Contracting, and its Regulation, whose relevance and effectivenesswill be object to reflection in relation to the context described above, based on the ratio legis that emerges from them.


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