Infections in Pregnancy and Fetal Impact of Maternal Infection

2020 ◽  
pp. 352-360
Author(s):  
Tanuja Mokashi
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Infection ◽  
In Pregnancy

scholarly journals Prolonged Maternal Shedding and Maternal-fetal Transmission of Measles Virus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Charlier ◽  
Julia Dina ◽  
François Freymuth ◽  
Astrid Vabret ◽  
Olivier Lortholary ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Measles Virus ◽  
Virus Detection ◽  
Maternal Infection ◽  
Maternal Fetal Transmission ◽  
In Pregnancy

Abstract Prolonged measles virus detection in maternal saliva and blood was evidenced in 6 pregnant women. Maternal-fetal transmission was evidenced in 2 of 4 infants who were asymptomatic at birth, 21–24 weeks after maternal infection. Whereas peripartum congenital measles is severe, asymptomatic measles virus vertical transmission can occur earlier in pregnancy.

Fetal effects of maternal infection

2020 ◽  
pp. 2678-2686
Author(s):  
Lawrence Impey
Keyword(s):  
Perinatal Death ◽  
Group B Streptococcus ◽  
Treponema Pallidum ◽  
Neonatal Infection ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Carrier Status ◽  
Maternal Infection ◽  
Group B ◽  
Transplacental Infection ◽  
In Pregnancy

This chapter looks at the fetal effects of maternal infection. Immunity is mildly suppressed in pregnancy, and the fetal immune system is developmentally immature. Infections in pregnancy can therefore be devastating both for the mother, as is occasionally seen with varicella, and for the fetus, as exemplified by congenital infections such as those caused by rubella, cytomegalovirus, syphilis, and toxoplasmosis. The fetal effects of maternal infection in pregnancy can be broadly categorized as follows (these are not mutually exclusive): transplacental infection causing fetal malformation (e.g. treponema pallidum, rubella); transplacental infection causing severe in utero illness (e.g. parvovirus); neonatal infection/carrier status as a result of transplacental or intrapartum infection (e.g. HIV, herpes zoster); such neonatal infection may be severe; preterm delivery, late miscarriage, perinatal death, and cerebral palsy at term delivery are more common in the presence of in utero and placental infection (chorioamnionitis) (e.g. group B streptococcus).

scholarly journals Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis (PAP) in pregnancy: An important spot diagnosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 16-18
Author(s):  
Choon Seong Ng ◽  
Boon Hau Ng
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Surfactant ◽  
Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis ◽  
Ground Glass Opacity ◽  
Lavage Fluid ◽  
Maternal Infection ◽  
Thoracic Imaging ◽  
Fetal Survival ◽  
Fluid Analysis ◽  
Alveolar Proteinosis ◽  
In Pregnancy

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis is a relatively rare syndrome of pulmonary surfactant clearance dysfunction that could present like asthma. A middle-aged pregnant lady presented with asthma-like symptoms which was negative for autoimmune screening, whom thoracic imaging consistent with ground-glass opacity superimposed with septal thickening. Whole lung bronchopulmonary lavage fluid analysis showed predominantly eosiniphilic material within alveolar space. Subsequent lung biopsy revealed positive PAS stain for eosinophilic material. Its presentation in pregnancy could pose challenge to delivery. The associated maternal infection risk could compromise fetal survival.

Pregnancy-associated listeriosis

2010 ◽  
Vol 138 (10) ◽  
pp. 1503-1509 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. JACKSON ◽  
M. IWAMOTO ◽  
D. SWERDLOW
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Woman ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Fetal Loss ◽  
Invasive Disease ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Maternal Infection ◽  
Neonatal Deaths ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The U.S ◽  
In Pregnancy

SUMMARYInfection by Listeria monocytogenes in pregnant women may result in fetal loss or invasive disease in the newborn. We examined listeriosis cases reported through the U.S. Listeria Initiative during 2004–2007. Cases were classified as pregnancy-associated if illness occurred in a pregnant woman or an infant aged <28 days. Of 758 reported Listeria cases, 128 (16·9%) were pregnancy-associated. Maternal infection resulted in four neonatal deaths and 26 (20·3%) fetal losses. Invasive illnesses in newborns (n=85) were meningitis (32·9%) and sepsis (36·5%). Pregnant women with Listeria were more likely to report Hispanic ethnicity (52·8% vs. 25·6%, respectively; OR 3·3 95% CI 2·2–4·8) than mothers giving live birth in the USA during 2005 and were more likely to report consumption of Mexican-style cheese (OR 2·6, 95% CI 1·6–4·2) than were non-pregnant patients with Listeria infection. Pregnant woman comprised a considerable proportion of reported listeriosis cases. Further declines in pregnancy-associated listeriosis will require education about avoiding high-risk foods, and continued regulatory and industry efforts to decrease Listeria in foods.

scholarly journals Rubella infection in pregnancy and congenital rubella in United Kingdom, 2003 to 2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (19) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoaneta Bukasa ◽  
Helen Campbell ◽  
Kevin Brown ◽  
Helen Bedford ◽  
Mary Ramsay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Congenital Rubella Syndrome ◽  
World Health ◽  
Maternal Infection ◽  
Rubella Infection ◽  
Congenital Rubella ◽  
Routine Surveillance ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Rubella Vaccination ◽  
In Pregnancy

Rubella vaccination has been included in the United Kingdom’s (UK) routine childhood schedule for nearly 30 years. The UK achieved World Health Organization (WHO) elimination status in 2016 and acute rubella infections are rare. In the period 2003–16, 31 rubella infections in pregnancy (0.23 per 100,000 pregnancies) were identified through routine surveillance, of which 26 were in women who were born abroad. Five of the 31 rubella infections led to congenital rubella syndrome in the infant and three had confirmed congenital rubella infection without congenital rubella syndrome. An additional seven babies were identified with congenital rubella syndrome, although rubella infection in pregnancy had not been reported. Place of birth was known for six of these seven mothers, all of whom were born outside the UK, and in five cases maternal infection was acquired abroad. WHO Europe has set targets for measles and rubella elimination and prevention of congenital rubella syndrome by 2015. Vaccination uptake and rubella immunity is high in the UK population and most infections in pregnancy since 2003 were acquired abroad and in unvaccinated women. Every contact with a health professional should be used to check that women are fully immunised according to UK schedule.

scholarly journals Cytomegalovirus Infection in Pregnancy

1994 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 146-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Duff
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Therapy ◽  
Cytomegalovirus Infection ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Congenital Infection ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Perinatal Infection ◽  
Maternal Infection ◽  
Cmv Infection ◽  
Congenital Infections ◽  
In Pregnancy

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is of great importance to obstetrician-gynecologists because maternal infection is relatively common and can result in severe injury to the fetus. The greatest risk to the fetus occurs when the mother develops a primary CMV infection in the first trimester. Forty to 50% of infants delivered to mothers with primary CMV infections will have congenital infections. Of these neonates, 5–18% will be overtly symptomatic at birth. Approximately 30% of severely infected infants die, and 80% have severe neurologic morbidity. Eighty-five to 90% of infants will be asymptomatic, and 10–15% of these babies subsequently have sequelae such as visual and auditory defects. If the mother develops a recurrent or reactivated CMV infection during pregnancy, the risk of a severe congenital infection is very low. Perinatal infection, as opposed to congenital infection, may result from exposure to the virus during delivery or lactation and rarely leads to serious sequelae. Antimicrobial therapy and immunotherapy for CMV are, at present, unsatisfactory. Therefore, all patients, pregnant women in particular, must be educated about preventive measures.

scholarly journals Investigating the molecular basis of rubella virus-induced teratogenesis: a literature review

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariam Goubran
Keyword(s):  
Birth Defects ◽  
Rubella Virus ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Maternal Infection ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Congenital Rubella ◽  
In Pregnancy

Rubella virus (RV) is the etiologic agent of rubella, a disease more commonly known as German measles. The 1940 rubella epidemic in Australia allowed for the identification of RV as a teratogenic agent: infection early in pregnancy causes a variety of birth defects collectively referred to as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). Although rigorous immunization policies have dramatically reduced the incidence of CRS, it is still estimated that around 100,000 infants are born with CRS every year. Furthermore, in light of the recent Zika virus epidemic which is now known to be a causative agent of microcephaly and other birth defects, a deeper understanding of RV may help elucidate the paradigm of viral teratogenesis and aid in the development of therapeutic agents to prevent the development of birth defects in fetuses after maternal infection. This review aims to give a summary of the current knowledge regarding the molecular biology of the virus followed by an overview of potential mechanisms of RV-induced teratogenesis as well as suggestions for possible future directions for research.

scholarly journals Evaluating the sensitivity and predictive value of tests of recent infection: toxoplasmosis in pregnancy

1991 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 527-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Ades
Keyword(s):  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Predictive Value Of Tests ◽  
Maternal Infection ◽  
Mathematical Methods ◽  
Recent Infection ◽  
Igg Avidity ◽  
In Pregnancy

SUMMARYThe diagnosis of maternal infection in early pregnancy depends on tests which are sensitive to recent infection, such as specific IgM. Two types of test are considered: those where the response persists for a period following infection and then declines, such as IgM. and those whose response increases with time since infection, such as IgG-avidity. However, individuals vary in their response to infection, and it may not always be possible to determine whether an infection occurred during pregnancy or before it. Mathematical methods are developed to evaluate the performance of these tests, and are applied to the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in pregnancy. It is shown that, based on existing information, tests of recent infection are unlikely to be both sensitive and predictive. More data on these tests are required, before they can be reliably used to determine whether infection has occurred during pregnancy or before it.

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