4491 Cumulative Childhood Trauma Load Across Race in Individuals with Alcohol Use Disorder

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Our objective was to investigate racial differences in experiencing multiple categories of childhood trauma (CT) and the differential impact on alcohol use in individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD). We hypothesized that there would be a differential additive effect of CT categories endorsed and drinking behaviors between racial groups. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Participants were recruited through the NIAAA screening protocol where they completed alcohol-related assessments including a 90-day Timeline Followback (TLFB) and the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT). Structured Clinical Interviews for DSM disorders were conducted to identify participants with lifetime alcohol dependence (DSM-IV) or AUD (DSM-5) (N = 1152). Participants self-identified as Black or White completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) which assesses 5 types of CT: emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, physical neglect, and emotional neglect, and were classified into 3 CT groups: no trauma, 1 type of trauma, and 2+ types of trauma endorsed. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: For Black participants (N = 583), 21.6% experienced no trauma, 21% experienced 1 type, and 57.4% experienced 2 or more types, with the most common being physical abuse and emotional neglect. For White participants (N = 569), 32.1% experienced no trauma, 20.6% experienced 1 type, and 47.3% experienced 2 or more types, with the most common being emotional neglect and emotional abuse. There were significant associations between CT groups, TLFB, and AUDIT measures. For Black participants, AUDIT-Harm and AUDIT Total were significantly different across the 3 CT groups (all p values <0.05). For White participants, Heavy Drinking Days was significantly different across the 3 CT groups (p = 0.028), with trends for AUDIT-Harm (p = 0.061) and AUDIT-Dependence (p<0.065). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: In individuals with AUD, there were significant positive associations between the number of CT categories endorsed and alcohol use across race, suggesting a cumulative effect of CT on risky alcohol use. Future work includes exploring personality and behavioral mediators of the relationship between cumulative trauma load and drinking.

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Evaluation of self-esteem and childhood trauma in patients with sexual disorders

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1694 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 41 (S1) ◽

pp. s852-s853

Author(s):

G. Teksin Unal ◽

O. Sahmelikoglu Onur ◽

C. Karsidag ◽

M.G. Teksin Bakir

Keyword(s):

Childhood Trauma ◽

Interpersonal Relationships ◽

Emotional Abuse ◽

Premature Ejaculation ◽

Self Esteem ◽

Depressive Mood ◽

Sexual Disorders ◽

Emotional Neglect ◽

Childhood Trauma Questionnaire ◽

Physical Neglect

IntroductionSexual dysfunction (SD) is defined as the deterioration of sexual response cycles caused by anatomic, physiologic or psychologic reasons.ObjectivesWe believe that SD is closely related to self-esteem and childhood trauma (CT).AimIn this study, the level of self-esteem and CT in patients diagnosed with SD vs. controls are aimed to be compared. In addition, relationship between complaints of SD self-esteem and CT variable subgroups are planned to be investigated.MethodTwenty-four patients visited Prof. Dr. Mazhar Osman Psychiatric Hospital with matching defined criteria and 24 control counterparts statistically matching were taken sociodemographic data form, Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (RSS) and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-28) was applied.ResultsCTQ-28 averages and RSS variables which are sensitivity to criticism, depressive mood, psychosomatic symptoms, feeling threatened in interpersonal relationships, degree to participate in discussions, relationship with father were higher in patients with SD (P < 0.05). Considering the relationship between complaints of SD and CTQ-28 subscales, physical abuse, emotional abuse, physical neglect, emotional neglect averages of patients were observed significantly different rooted by genitopelvic pain/penetration disorder and premature ejaculation and in emotional neglect by premature ejaculation and low libido combination (P < 0.05).ConclusionsIn literature, there are many studies that show CT leads to SD and several studies state that self-esteem is affected in patients with SD [1]. CT must be considered and determined in the goal of treatment of SD.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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3465 EXAMINING THE EFFECTS OF CHILDHOOD TRAUMA ON ADULT ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION: DOES RACE AND/OR SEX MATTER?

Journal of Clinical and Translational Science ◽

10.1017/cts.2019.104 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (s1) ◽

pp. 44-44

Author(s):

Nia Byrd ◽

Bethany Stangl ◽

Melanie Schwandt ◽

Mehdi Farokhnia ◽

Lorenzo Leggio ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Alcohol Consumption ◽

Alcohol Use ◽

Physical Abuse ◽

Emotional Abuse ◽

Heavy Drinking ◽

Interaction Effects ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Harmful Use ◽

Physical Neglect ◽

Dependent Sample

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: There has been substantial research showing that there are race and sex differences on alcohol use. Similarly, race and sex disparities are also seen in a variety of different factors that impact drinking behaviors and other health outcomes. One of these factors of interest is Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) which is associated with an increased risk for excessive alcohol use and the harmful effects of drinking. Several studies have shown that racial minorities and females have a greater risk of ACEs, which may be partly related to various structural factors (i.e. poverty) and social norms. Although there has been a substantial amount of research done on ACEs, very few studies have looked at how their interaction with race and sex can influence alcohol-related behaviors. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: 1,509 participants who self-identified as either Black or White were recruited through a screening protocol at the NIAAA where they completed a series of questionnaires. We categorized the participants into two groups based on the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV disorders: Alcohol Dependent individuals (N=921) with either a past and/or current diagnosis and Non-dependent individuals (N=588). ACEs exposure was assessed using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). We looked at both total score and the 5 subscales: emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, physical neglect, and emotional neglect. Drinking behaviors were assessed using a 90-day Timeline Followback interview and the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT). The non-dependent sample was 63% White and 55% male while the alcohol dependent sample was 47% White and 70% male. We tested the interaction effects using ANOVA. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: In the ND sample, there were significant race*sex*ACEs effects for average drinks per day with CTQ total score (P = 0.007), physical abuse (P = 0.005), and physical neglect (P = 0.003). There was also a 3-way interaction with physical neglect on heavy drinking days (P = 0.039) and a 2-way race*ACEs interaction on AUDIT total with physical abuse (P = 0.048). In the AD sample, there were significant 2-way race*ACEs interactions for three drinking outcomes: heavy drinking days with physical neglect (P = 0.009), AUDIT-Harmful Use subscore with CTQ total score (P = 0.028) and physical neglect (P = 0.001), AUDIT-Total score with CTQ total score (P = 0.007), physical abuse (P = 0.042), sexual abuse (P = 0.024), and physical neglect (P = 0.003). There were also 3-way interactions for AUDIT-Harmful use (P = 0.013) and AUDIT-Total scores (P = 0.011) with emotional abuse. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Our results indicate that there are both 2-way (race*ACEs) and 3-way (race*sex*ACEs) interaction effects on alcohol consumption and the related negative effects for both non-dependent and dependent samples. There were no sex*ACEs interaction effects in either sample implying that race may play a bigger role in differentiating drinking outcomes by ACEs across males and females. However, contrary to our expectations, race seemed to be protective factor for Black participants against both alcohol consumption and the negative effects despite having higher rates of ACEs exposure. Future analyses will explore personality measures as potential mediators of the relationship between ACEs and alcohol use. Also, analyses will look to see if there are any behavioral factors that may contribute to resiliency among minority populations.

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Childhood trauma and internet addiction predict depression on left behind adolescents

International Journal of Electrical Engineering Education ◽

10.1177/00207209211002072 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 002072092110020

Author(s):

Xue Dong ◽

Fang Su ◽

JiaYu Du ◽

Yahua Hu ◽

ZhengHong Wang

Keyword(s):

Childhood Trauma ◽

Internet Addiction ◽

Emotional Abuse ◽

Self Report ◽

Emotional Neglect ◽

Childhood Trauma Questionnaire ◽

Targeted Interventions ◽

Left Behind ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Physical Neglect

Objective Parents’ labor migration has resulted in a great quantity of Left Behind Adolescents (LBA) in China. This study aims to examine if childhood trauma and internet addiction does predict depression on LBA in comparison to Non-Left Behind Adolescents (NLBA) in China. Methods Participants in the study includes a sample of 1890 adolescents aged 12 to 27, including 102 LBA and 1399 NLBA in China. All participants completed the self-report questionnaires, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-28), Internet Addiction Test (IAT), and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Results There was a significant difference in IAT and CTQ between LBA and NLBA (P < 0.05). The frequent childhood trauma type was physical neglect (48%), followed by emotional neglect (32.3%). Males reported higher levels of emotional and physical abuse and physical neglect than female counterparts in LBA. The prevalence of depression (23.5%) and internet addiction (29.4%) were higher among LBA than NLBA. There were no significant differences in depression (p > 0.05). There were positive correlations between CTQ (except emotional neglect), BDI, and IAT. Multiple linear regressions indicated that emotional abuse and neglect, internet addiction, and poor academic performance were significant predictors for depression among LBA. Conclusion Childhood trauma and internet addiction were directly related to symptoms of depression in LBA, There is an urgent need for targeted interventions for LBA to prevent negative mental health outcomes.

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Correlation between childhood trauma and cognitive impairment in patients with schizophrenia

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.2161 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 33 (S1) ◽

pp. S582-S582 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J. Mrizak ◽

R. Trabelsi ◽

A. Arous ◽

A. Aissa ◽

H. Ben Ammar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Physical Abuse ◽

Childhood Trauma ◽

Emotional Abuse ◽

Digit Span ◽

Verbal Learning ◽

Emotional Neglect ◽

Card Sorting ◽

History Of ◽

Physical Neglect

IntroductionAbusive childhood experiences are claimed to be more prevalent in people with schizophrenia (SCZ) than in the general population. The exposure to childhood trauma can have adverse effects on cognitive function.ObjectivesTo investigate whether there is a relationship between childhood trauma (CT) and cognitive functioning in patients with SCZ.MethodsFifty-eight outpatients with stable SCZ were recruited. The participants completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire retrospectively assessing five types of childhood trauma (emotional, physical and sexual abuse, and emotional and physical neglect). They also completed a neurocognitive battery comprising the following tests: the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test–Revised (HVLT-R), the Letter Digit Substitution Test (LDST), the Stroop Test (ST), the “Double Barrage” of Zazzo (DBZ), the Modified Card Sorting Test (MCST), the Verbal Fluency (VF), the Trail Making Test-Part A (TMT-A) and the Digit Span (DS).ResultsThe patients with a history of physical abuse (P = 0.03) or emotional neglect (P = 0.07) performed worse at the delayed recall of the HVLT-R. A history of emotional neglect was also correlated to a significantly worse performance in theTMT-A (P < 0.0001), while physical abuse was correlated to worse DS (P = 0.015). High emotional abuse scores were significantly correlated to poorer efficiency in DBZ (P = 0.025).ConclusionsThe results need replication, but underline the necessity of investigating biological and psychosocial mechanisms underlying these subjects’ cognitive impairment.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Association between schizoid tendencies and aggressive behaviors: mediating and moderating influences in childhood trauma and life events among Chinese adolescents

Annals of General Psychiatry ◽

10.1186/s12991-021-00371-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Tingyu Yang ◽

Yuqiong He ◽

Shuxian Wu ◽

Xilong Cui ◽

Xuerong Luo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sexual Abuse ◽

Life Events ◽

Childhood Trauma ◽

Emotional Abuse ◽

Child Behavior Checklist ◽

Short Form ◽

Chinese Adolescents ◽

Emotional Neglect ◽

Aggressive Behaviors ◽

Physical Neglect

Abstract Background This study investigated an association between schizoid tendencies and aggressive behaviors in Chinese adolescents, and explored the underlying mechanism. Methods The data of 3094 adolescents aged 12 to 16 years were collected from an epidemiological survey in China. All the subjects or their parents completed the Achenbach’s Child Behavior Checklist, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form, and the Adolescent Self-rating Life Event Checklist (ASLEC). Results Relative to the non-schizoid group, adolescents with schizoid tendencies (male or female) showed significantly higher scores for aggressive behaviors, emotional abuse, and ASLEC. Regarding females only, those with schizoid tendencies had significantly higher (lower) scores for physical abuse and emotional neglect (physical neglect). The aggressive behaviors score was predicted by scores for schizoid tendencies (βmale = 0.620, βfemale = 0.638, both P < 0.001) and ASLEC (βmale = 0.125, βfemale = 0.061, both P < 0.01), and by childhood trauma score (males: emotional neglect [β = 0.045, P = 0.021]; females: emotional abuse and sexual abuse [β = 0.118 and − 0.062, both P < 0.01]). The ASLEC and childhood trauma scores mediated the association between scores for schizoid tendencies and aggressive behaviors, specifically, emotional neglect (emotional abuse and sexual abuse) in males (females). In females, the interaction between scores for childhood trauma and ASLEC affected the aggressive behaviors score (P = 0.023). Conclusions Schizoid tendencies are associated with aggressive behaviors among Chinese adolescents. Recent life events and childhood trauma mediated an association between schizoid tendencies and aggressive behaviors. The interaction between childhood trauma and recent life events affected aggressive behaviors in females. Aggressive behaviors in adolescents may be ameliorated by reducing childhood trauma and life events.

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Evaluation of childhood traumatic experience as a risk factor for alcohol use disorder in adulthood

BMC Psychiatry ◽

10.1186/s12888-020-2428-5 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Lan Wang ◽

Cui-Xia An ◽

Mei Song ◽

Na Li ◽

Yuan-Yuan Gao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Alcohol Use ◽

Alcohol Abuse ◽

Alcohol Dependence ◽

Physical Abuse ◽

Emotional Abuse ◽

Alcohol Use Disorder ◽

Alcohol Use Disorders ◽

Traumatic Experience ◽

Frequent Drinking

Abstract Background We aimed to investigate the effect of early-age (prenatal, infant, and childhood) trauma on adulthood alcohol use disorder. Methods A total number of 1534 subjects who were born and live in the city of Tangshan were selected. The subjects were divided into three age groups. General demographic data, conditions of the mothers during pregnancy, and condition of the babies at birth, were collected. The diagnosis of alcohol use disorder was based on Structured Clinical Interviews for DSM-IV Axis Disorders (patient version) (SCID). The childhood trauma questionnaire short form (CTQ-SF) [1] and the Lifetime of Experience Questionnaire (LTE-Q) [2] were used to evaluate stress in childhood and adulthood, respectively. Results Only male subjects were diagnosed with lifelong alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence. There was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of lifetime alcohol use disorder (X2 = 4.480, P = 0.345), current alcohol abuse, and current alcohol dependence among the three groups (X2abuse = 2.177, X2depedence = 2.198, P > 0.05). However, higher prevalence of lifetime alcohol use disorders was found in group with higher scores of CTQ (X2 = 9.315, P = 0.009), emotional abuse (X2 = 8.025, P = 0.018), physical abuse (X2 = 20.4080, P < 0.001), but not in the group with higher scores of emotional neglect (X2 = 1.226, P = 0.542), sexual abuse (X2 = 2.779, P = 0.249), physical neglect (X2 = 3.978, P = 0.137), LTE-Q (X2 = 5.415, P = 0.067), and PSQI (X2 = 5.238, P = 0.073). Protective factor for alcohol abuse for men was identified to be heavy drinking (OR = 0.085, 95%CI: 0.011–0.661), and the risk factors for alcohol abuse were identified to be frequent drinking (OR = 2.736, 95%CI: 1.500, 4.988), and consumption of low liquor (OR = 2.563, 95%CI: 1.387, 4.734). Risk factors for alcohol dependence in males were identified to be consumption of low liquor (OR = 5.501, 95%CI: 2.004, 15.103), frequent drinking (OR = 2.680, 95%CI: 1.164, 6.170), and childhood physical abuse (OR = 2.310, 95% CI: 1.026, 5.201). Conclusion Traumatic experience during infant and prenatal periods does not have a strong statistical correlation with alcohol use disorders for male adults. However, subjects with high CTQ scores, experience of emotional abuse and physical abuse show a statistically higher prevalence of lifetime alcohol use disorders. Several risk factors including consumption of low liquor, frequent drinking, and childhood physical abuse contribute to alcohol dependence in male adults.

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Adverse childhood experiences and their relationship to gender and depression among young adults in Iraq: a cross-sectional study

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-019-7957-9 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ameel F. Al Shawi ◽

Yassen T. Sarhan ◽

Mahasin A. Altaha

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Physical Abuse ◽

Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽

Emotional Abuse ◽

Statistical Tests ◽

Emotional Neglect ◽

Convenience Sample ◽

Childhood Experiences ◽

Adverse Childhood ◽

Physical Neglect

Abstract Background Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are considered as universal public health problem that associate with mental disorders and risky behaviors during adulthood. The aims of the paper are to estimate the prevalence of Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) among young adults in Iraq as well as to estimate the association between ACEs and depression. Methods A convenience sample of young adults of 18–20 years was chosen from centre and west of Iraq, mainly from universities. The adverse childhood experiences were measured by Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire. A depression scale was derived from the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS). Statistical tests: chi square was used to measure the association between adverse childhood experiences and other variables like gender and depression. Odds ratios were computed to estimate the risk for depression. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The total number of participants was 401, 38.9% of the subjects were men, while 61.1% were women. The mean age of the participants was 18.88 ± 0.745. The results revealed that the most common forms of ACEs among the subjects were physical neglect (19.8%) and emotional neglect (19.2%) followed by physical abuse (17.21%) while sexual abuse was 7.52%. There was statistically significant association between most forms of adverse childhood experiences especially emotional abuse, emotional neglect, physical abuse and physical neglect with depression. Conclusion ACEs are not uncommon among young adults in Iraq and are associated with depression in adulthood. National programmes to support mental health rehabilitation might be necessary to reduce the effect of ACEs among Iraqi people, especially for adolescents and young adults.

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Impact of childhood trauma on co-morbidity among alcohol dependent patients: Controlled study

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1728 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 41 (S1) ◽

pp. s864-s864

Author(s):

D. Gulec Oyekcin ◽

A. Gurgen

Keyword(s):

Alcohol Use ◽

Psychiatric Disorders ◽

Childhood Trauma ◽

Emotional Abuse ◽

Alcohol Use Disorders ◽

Controlled Study ◽

Treatment Seeking ◽

Co Morbidity ◽

Physical Neglect ◽

Alcohol Dependent

IntroductionChildhood trauma has been found to be prevalent in treatment-seeking alcoholics.ObjectivesWe aimed to investigate the childhood trauma prevalence among alcohol dependent patients and the prevalence of psychiatric co-morbidity.MethodsA total of 61 participants were assessed; 35 treatment-seeking alcohol dependent patients and 26 age-gender matched controls in the addiction division of psychiatry department of Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University. After describing the study and obtaining informed consent, participants were assessed with demographic questionnaires, followed by the structured clinical interview for the DSM-IV-TR and childhood trauma questionnaire (CTQ-28).ResultThe 91.4% of the patients were male, mean age was 42.03 ± 12.9. The overall prevalence of CTE of the alcohol dependent patients was (88.6%) higher than the control (42.3%) group. Respectively the prevalence of physical neglect was 80%, emotional neglect 74.3%, emotional abuse was 51.4%, physical abuse 40% and sexual abuse 28.6%. For psychiatric disorders 96.8% of the alcohol dependent patients with childhood trauma reported any of the psychiatric disorders, 64.5% ever having a mood disorder with 25.8% ever having any anxiety disorders, and 16.1% ever having attention and hyperactivity disorder. The most common psychiatric co-morbidity was found to be as depression (58.1%).ConclusionsIn conclusion alcohol use disorders are thought to be associated with childhood trauma. Patients with alcohol use disorders are exposed to have more childhood trauma. Childhood trauma is associated with psychiatric co-morbidity especially depression. We have to ask for childhood trauma in alcohol dependent patients with psychiatric co-morbidity.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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The association between childhood trauma and facial emotion recognition in patients with stable schizophrenia

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1334 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 33 (S1) ◽

pp. S372-S372 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J. Mrizak ◽

A. Arous ◽

R. Trabelsi ◽

A. Aissa ◽

H. Ben Ammar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sexual Abuse ◽

Emotion Recognition ◽

Childhood Trauma ◽

Emotional Abuse ◽

Facial Emotion Recognition ◽

Facial Emotion ◽

Significant Feature ◽

Childhood Trauma Questionnaire ◽

Physical Neglect ◽

Competing Interest

IntroductionThe impairment of facial emotion recognition (FER) among patients with schizophrenia (SCZ) is a significant feature of the illness. Childhood trauma (CT) is reported with a high prevalence in SCZ and is considered one of its risk factors.ObjectivesTo investigate the relationship between FER and CT in SCZ.MethodsFifty-eight outpatients with stable SCZ completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire retrospectively assessing five types of childhood trauma (emotional, physical and sexual abuse, and emotional and physical neglect). They also completed a newly developed and validated FER task constructed from photographs of the face of a famous Tunisian actress and evaluating the ability to correctly identify Ekman's six basic facial emotions (happiness, sadness, anger, disgust, fear and surprise).ResultsPatients with higher scores of CT performed significantly worse in FER task. Our results suggest that the presence of sexual abuse is specifically correlated to a poor identification of anger (P = 0.02) and disgust (P = 0.03) while the presence of emotional abuse and physical neglect are correlated to a poor identification of happiness and sadness.ConclusionsCT may represent one of the causes of the FER deficits in schizophrenia. Further studies are necessary to confirm the link between specific kinds of childhood trauma and deficits in the recognition of discrete emotions.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Population-Based Estimates of Associations Between Child Maltreatment Types: A Meta-Analysis

Trauma Violence & Abuse ◽

10.1177/15248380211030502 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 152483802110305

Author(s):

Maya Matsumoto ◽

Hannah A. Piersiak ◽

Mia C. Letterie ◽

Kathryn L. Humphreys

Keyword(s):

Child Maltreatment ◽

Emotional Abuse ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Population Based ◽

Self Report ◽

Emotional Neglect ◽

Childhood Trauma Questionnaire ◽

Physical Neglect ◽

Shared Risk ◽

Report Measure

Although it is accepted that experiences of child maltreatment are multidimensional and often include several correlated but distinct experiences, many clinical and research decisions regarding exposure and treatment do not consider their potential overlap or potential independence. The purpose of this meta-analysis—using a single retrospective self-report measure, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), in population-representative samples—was to investigate the magnitude and specificity of associations between forms of child maltreatment. A systematic review of studies available on PubMed, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar was conducted, resulting in the inclusion of nine journal articles, 11 independent samples, and 25,415 participants. Data were converted from Pearson correlations to Z statistics and pooled using a random effects model. All maltreatment types were positively and significantly associated. Effect sizes varied from medium to large, with (1) physical abuse and emotional abuse ( Z = 0.72, 95% CI [.48, .96]), (2) physical neglect and emotional neglect ( Z = 0.62, 95% CI [.43, .81]), and (3) emotional abuse and emotional neglect ( Z = 0.54, 95% CI [.35, .72]) demonstrating the strongest associations. These analyses provide evidence of the associations between types of child maltreatment, indicate the likelihood of shared risk, and point to characteristics that may link different types of maltreatment. These findings have important clinical implications as they may help guide comprehensive screening for associated maltreatment types as well as intervention and prevention efforts. Limitations include the relatively few studies included and those associated with the CTQ—a retrospective, self-report measure that does not account for the concurrence of experiences.

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