scholarly journals The Layout and Internal Development of Celtic Fields: Structural and Relative Chronological Analyses of Three Danish Field Systems

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Helt Nielsen ◽  
Mads Kähler Holst ◽  
Ann Catherine Gadd ◽  
Klaus Kähler Holst
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Optimization Algorithm ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Internal Development ◽  
Field System ◽  
Field Boundaries ◽  
Field Systems ◽  
Stochastic Optimization Algorithm

The layout and development of field systems may reflect significant aspects of prehistoric societies such as agricultural strategies, use rights and inheritance practices. This article presents a method for analysing the developments of field systems in their entirety, based on a hierarchical sorting of field boundaries whose intersections have been used to define relations of equivalence and subordination. The formalized relational expression of the field system is analysed using a stochastic optimization algorithm. The method was successfully applied to three Danish Celtic fields from the Late Bronze/Early Iron Age, making it possible to identify five principles behind the layout: primary boundaries (probably established at community level), major parcels (administered at a household level), structured subdivisions (presumably related to inheritance), irregular subdivisions, and small-scale expansions of the field systems. The initial degree of regularity of the field systems seems to have influenced later modifications.

Archaeological Investigations at Mavis Grind, Shetland

1983 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Cracknell ◽  
Beverley Smith
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Field System ◽  
M 10 ◽  
Settlement Site

Summary The excavations revealed a stone house and showed that it was oval, 13 m × 10 m, with an interior about 7 m in diameter. In the first occupation phase the entrance was on the SE side. During the second phase this entrance was replaced with one to the NE and the interior was partitioned. The roof was supported on wooden posts. After the building was abandoned it was covered with peat-ash which was subsequently ploughed. There were numerous finds of steatite-tempered pottery and stone implements, which dated the site to late Bronze/early Iron Age. The second settlement, Site B, lay by the shore of the voe and consisted of two possible stone-built houses and a field system. Two trenches were dug across the structures and the results are reported in Appendix I. Although damaged in recent years it was in no further danger.

scholarly journals Burial Mounds, Ard Marks, and Memory: A Case Study from the Early Iron Age at Bamble, Telemark, Norway

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-226
Author(s):  
Christian Løchsen Rødsrud
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Viking Age ◽  
Old Field ◽  
Field System ◽  
Burial Mounds ◽  
Point Of Departure

The point of departure for this article is the excavation of two burial mounds and a trackway system in Bamble, Telemark, Norway. One of the mounds overlay ard marks, which led to speculation as to whether the site was ritually ploughed or whether it contained the remains of an old field system. Analysis of the archaeometric data indicated that the first mound was related to a field system, while the second was constructed 500–600 years later. The first mound was probably built to demonstrate the presence of a kin and its social norms, while these norms were renegotiated when the second mound was raised in the Viking Age. This article emphasizes that the ritual and profane aspects were closely related: mound building can be a ritualized practice intended to legitimize ownership and status by the reuse of domestic sites in the landscape. Further examples from Scandinavia indicate that this is a common, but somewhat overlooked, practice.

scholarly journals New materials of Early Iron Age from river Luha valley

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 154-182
Author(s):  
Zoya Ilchyshyn ◽  
Oleksandr Silayev
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Production Facility ◽  
National Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Type Group ◽  
Cultural Conversation ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Migratory Movements

The article submits the results of protective archaeological studies conducted in 2016–2018 by scientific research center “Rescue Archaeological Service” (National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Institite of archaeology) at the Lokachi gas production facility. Excavations have been made on the settlements Markovychi 1, Markovychi 2, Mizhgirya 1, Mizhgirya 3, Rohovychi 1 and Rohovychi 2 which contained materials of Early Iron Age. Until recently only three sites of that period were discovered in Lokachi district, undoubtedly a minor achievement especially by comparison with fruitful studies made by L. Krushelnytska, G. Okhrimenko, I. Mykhalchyshyn, V. Konoplia and S. Terskyi across the neighboring Volodymyr-Volynski, Ivanychi and Lutsk districts of Volyn region. Therefore, any new excavation results would make an essential influx of information on Early Iron Age settlement structure in the valley of river Luga. The article analyses items, mostly handmade pottery from cultural layers and archaeological objects, often found alongside with another materials of different cultural and chronological origins. The largest item collections have been discovered on the settlements Rohovychi 1 and Mizhgirya 3 which included household structures full with pottery of distinctive forms and décor elements that is of so called Lesznytsia type of Early Scythian time culture. Shapes and technological characteristics of local pottery resemble peculiar features of same item category on the Early Iron Age archaeological sites from neighboring Rivne and Lviv regions. On contrary they miss the same features on the synchronous sites in the southern parts of Volyn region. This certainly provokes issues regarding the inner transfers and cultural conversation among the populaces of Lezhnytsia type group. Seemingly small-scale survey studies and excavations have produces substantial results but additionally they announced great prospects of further regional studies important for evaluation of migratory movements and settlement evolution in the area on the ridge crossing between the basins of Western Bug and Pryp’iat revers. Key words: Early Iron Age, Lezhnytsia type group, Lokachi gas production facility, archaeological surveys, settlement, pottery.

Reconstructing the Holocene paleoenvironment of the semi-arid Shiraki Plain of eastern Georgia – a center of settlement activity during the Late Bronze and Early Iron age

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giorgi Kirkitadze ◽  
Mikheil Elashvili ◽  
Levan Navrozashvili ◽  
Mikheil Lobjanidze ◽  
Levan Losaberidze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Hydrological Modeling ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Large City ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Main Question

<p>Studying of the interactions between past environmental changes and former human societies delivers key information to understand the future evolution of landscapes under changing environmental conditions and increasing human stress. The combination of these two factors is especially critical for fragile landscapes such as drylands, where even small-scale climatic or anthropogenic factors can have relatively large effects on the landscape dynamics.</p><p>Holocene paleoenvironmental changes on the Shiraki Plain, located in Eastern Georgia (South Caucasus), were studied. The selected site is characterized by semiarid climate conditions (annual precipitation <500 mm per year) and an open dry steppic landscape today. Currently the area is devoid of settlements, due to absence of water resources. However, recent archaeological data collected using remote sensing and ground-proven by ongoing archaeological excavations, delivered evidences of an active former human inhabitation of this area mostly during the Late Bronze - Early Iron Ages. Several large, city-type settlements of the given period that were identified on the Shiraki Plain suggest the existence of early state formation under favorable environmental conditions.</p><p>During the conducted study we have combined stratigraphical-sedimentological investigations of sediments using drilling cores, trenches and laboratory analyses with high-resolution D-GPS measurements in the RTK mode, remote sensing using drone photogrammetric surveys, paleoecological investigations, and hydrological modeling. Our initial results clearly support the hypothesis of a large shallow lake in the center of the Shiraki Plain that was surrounded by the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age settlements. Therefore, the regional water balance of that period was obviously more positive than today. Furthermore, our investigations indicate that this period of high settlement intensity was characterized by intensive soil erosion processes that washed away the dominant Chernozem soils.</p><p>Altogether, our investigations suggest a tipping point of the landscape evolution dynamics that must have been crossed during the Late Bronze and Early Iron period, leading to the current dry steppic landscape. This also provides key information to reconstruct the archaeological past of the region, and to address the main question of rapid depopulation and further abandonment of this area.</p>

The Iron Age Enclosures and Prehistoric Landscape of Sutton Common, South Yorkshire

1997 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
pp. 221-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Parker Pearson ◽  
R.E. Sydes ◽  
S. Boardman ◽  
B. Brayshay ◽  
P.C. Buckland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Late Neolithic ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Plant Remains ◽  
Archaeological Materials ◽  
Middle Bronze Age

The Early Iron Age enclosures and associated sites on Sutton Common on the western edge of the Humberhead Levels contain an exceptional variety of archaeological data of importance not only to the region but for the study of later prehistory in the British Isles. Few other later prehistoric British sites outside the East Anglian fens and the Somerset Levels have thus far produced the quantity and quality of organically preserved archaeological materials that have been found, despite the small scale of the investigations to date. The excavations have provided an opportunity to integrate a variety of environmental analyses, of wood, pollen, beetles, waterlogged and carbonised plant remains, and of soil micromorphology, to address archaeological questions about the character, use, and environment of this Early Iron Age marsh fort. The site is comprised of a timber palisaded enclosure and a succeeding multivallate enclosure linked to a smaller enclosure by a timber alignment across a palaeochannel, with associated finds ranging in date from the Middle Bronze Age to the Roman and medieval periods. Among the four adjacent archaeological sites is an Early Mesolithic occupation site, also with organic preservation, and there is a Late Neolithic site beneath the large enclosure. Desiccation throughout the common is leading to the damage and loss of wooden and organic remains. It is hoped that the publication of these results, of investigations between 1987 and 1993, will lead to a fuller investigation taking place.

scholarly journals 14C Dates and Spatial Statistics: Modeling Intrasite Spatial Dynamics of Urnfield Cemeteries in Belgium Using Case Study of Destelbergen Cemetery

Radiocarbon ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 54 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 635-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeroen De Reu ◽  
Guy De Mulder ◽  
Mark van Strydonck ◽  
Mathieu Boudin ◽  
Jean Bourgeois
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Spatial Dynamics ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Burial Site ◽  
Internal Development ◽  
Historical Processes ◽  
The Mean

The possibility of radiocarbon dating on cremated bones stimulated a systematic 14C dating project investigating the chronology of Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age urnfield cemeteries in Belgium. The growing amount of 14C dates on these cremated remains led to new insights into the chronology, development, and disappearance of the urnfield phenomenon. Consequently, ideas about cultural and historical processes need to be modified. Also, the internal chronology of the cemeteries is much more complex than previously thought, stimulating the need for techniques to analyze and visualize the internal development of an individual burial site. The application of centrographic methods like the mean center, standard distance circle, and standard deviational ellipse illustrates the possibilities for analyzing the internal chronology of the cemeteries based on the available 14C dates.

Roman Field-System Earthworks in the Birklands and Belhaugh Hays, Nottinghamshire

Britannia ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 298-304
Author(s):  
Steve Malone
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Lidar Data ◽  
Considerable Potential ◽  
Field System ◽  
Late Iron Age ◽  
History Of ◽  
Field Systems

ABSTRACTProcessing and analysis of LiDAR data in Nottinghamshire has identified the survival of earthwork field-systems beneath woodland in some of the oldest established parts of Sherwood Forest. The morphology and alignment of these field-systems strongly suggest that they represent a survival of the late Iron Age and Roman brickwork-plan field-systems of North Nottinghamshire and South Yorkshire with considerable potential to elucidate the history of abandonment of these fields and the establishment of Sherwood Forest.

Archaeology and Environment of a Bronze Age Cairn and Prehistoric and Romano-British Field System at Chysauster, Gulval, near Penzance, Cornwall

1996 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 167-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Smith ◽  
R.I. Macphail ◽  
S.A. Mays ◽  
J. Nowakowski ◽  
P. Rose ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Pollen Analysis ◽  
Field Pattern ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Field System ◽  
Field Boundaries ◽  
Soil Status ◽  
Cultivation Techniques

The project involved the survey and selective excavation of an area of field system adjoining the Romano-British ‘courtyard house’ settlement of Chysauster, near Penzance, Cornwall, supported by soil and pollen studies and by the extensive landscape surveys. The excavation had two main elements: study of the rectilinear field system and excavation of a Bronze Age funerary cairn incorporated in one of the field boundaries. The earliest field system, probably with origins in the 2nd millennium BC, was largely modified by a more irregular and strongly lynchetted field pattern, probably associated with more intensive Iron Age and Romano-British agriculture. There was also some medieval or post-medieval reuse and modification. The cairn pre-dated a boundary bank of one of the early fields and was the focus for a number of cremation burials. Six of these were accompanied by pots which, together with their radiocarbon dates, provide a significant group of the middle phase of the Trevisker variant of the British Food Urn ceramic tradition. Excavation of field boundaries showed evidence of long periods of modification and lynchet accumulation but lacked good artefactual or radiocarbon dating evidence. Soil and pollen analysis produced significant new evidence for this region, showing the former existence of a brown soil under open oak/hazel woodland, with some cereal cultivation taking place, prior to the construction of the Bronze Age cairn. Later cultivation techniques led to deterioration in soil status and to soil erosion. Some field boundaries may have been constructed at this time to conserve soil or as dumps for clearance stone. The changes, through deforestation, cultivation, and erosion influenced the plant communities in the nearby valley where pollen analysis of a peat section suggested three phases of human activity.

scholarly journals Radiocarbon as a Tool for Modeling the Diachronic Analysis of the Occupation Phases at the Velzeke Site (Belgium)

Radiocarbon ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (2B) ◽  
pp. 987-995
Author(s):  
Mark Van Strydonck ◽  
Guy De Mulder ◽  
Johan Deschieter
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Agricultural Field ◽  
Field System ◽  
Late Iron Age ◽  
Medieval Church ◽  
History Of ◽  
Time Part ◽  
Diachronic Analysis

The oldest traces of Velzeke go back to the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age, followed by a Gallo-Roman settlement and a later medieval village. Although the excavations document the history of the site in general, radiocarbon was used to clarify the successive phases within each feature. The results showed that the ditches at the Roman settlement and the neighboring temple area were already used during the Late Iron Age. The filling up of the ditches could be 14C correlated to a Gallo-Roman occupation phase. The oldest Christian cemetery at the site of the medieval church predates the construction of an important Carolingian stone building (9th to 10th centuries.). The stratigraphically lowest sediments of the ditches, surrounding the Carolingian church, are synchronous with the latest fill of the Iron Age ditch. According to historical and top-onymical sources the area of the Iron Age ditch becomes at that time part of a medieval agricultural field system.

Generation and analysis of biogas from kitchen waste at a small scale

2020 ◽  
pp. 140-148
Author(s):  
Md. Kumail Naqvi ◽  
Mrinal Anthwal ◽  
Ravindra Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Food Waste ◽  
Total Solid ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
Retention Period ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Replacement Model ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Scale Experiment ◽  
Small Period

Biogas is the product of anaerobic vitiation of biodegradable matter. This paper focuses on the need of alternative and green sources of energy at a household level and how biogas produced from the everyday organic waste has the potential and possibility to replace LPG cylinders at houses, shops etc. and empower us to step towards an eco-friendly future. The purpose this small-scale experiment has been to find the perfect input matter that is easy to acquire and which produces the maximum amount of gas from minimum input and within small period of waste retention. Four different types of input waste material containing different quantities of cow dung and kitchen food waste were studied through individual experimental setups. Waste was mixed and kept at room temperature and the pH and total solid concentration of the samples were recorded on regular intervals. From the experiment it was found that the optimum yield of biogas at a small scale, based on the parameters such as retention period, pH and total solid con-centration can be obtained by the use of food waste form households and kitchens. The exact composition has been discussed in this paper. The energy generated by the small-scale generator has also been compared to that of an LPG cylinder and an LPG replacement model has also been presented.

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