THE INSTABILITY OF JOHN RAWLS'S “STABILITY FOR THE RIGHT REASONS”

Episteme ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hun Chung
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Political Order ◽  
The Right

ABSTRACTJohn Rawls's most mature notion of political order is “stability for the right reasons.” Stability for the right reasons is the kind of political order that Rawls hoped a well-ordered society could ideally achieve. In this paper, I demonstrate through the tools of modern game theory, theinstabilityof “stability for the right reasons.” Specifically, I will show that a well-ordered society can completely destabilize by the introduction of an arbitrarily small number of non-compliers whenever individuals fail to achieve full common knowledge ever so slightly.

Adversarial Medical and Scientific Testimony and Lay Jurors: A Proposal for Medical Malpractice Reform

1995 ◽  
Vol 21 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 281-300
Author(s):  
Jody Weisberg Menon
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Medical Malpractice ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Expert Witnesses ◽  
Malpractice Reform ◽  
The Right ◽  
Scholarly Attention ◽  
Scientific Testimony

Pleas for reform of the legal system are common. One area of the legal system which has drawn considerable scholarly attention is the jury system. Courts often employ juries as fact-finders in civil cases according to the Seventh Amendment of the Constitution: “In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved … .” The general theory behind the use of juries is that they are the most capable fact-finders and the bestsuited tribunal for arriving at the most accurate and just outcomes. This idea, however, has been under attack, particularly by those who claim that cases involving certain difficult issues or types of evidence are an inappropriate province for lay jurors who typically have no special background or experience from which to make informed, fair decisions.The legal system uses expert witnesses to assist triers of fact in understanding issues which are beyond their common knowledge or difficult to comprehend.

scholarly journals Game Theory Without Partitions, and Applications to Speculation and Consensus

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
John Geanakoplos
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Decision Theory ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Extended Theory ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
Processing Errors ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

Abstract Decision theory and game theory are extended to allow for information processing errors. This extended theory is then used to reexamine market speculation and consensus, both when all actions (opinions) are common knowledge and when they may not be. Five axioms of information processing are shown to be especially important to speculation and consensus. They are called nondelusion, knowing that you know (KTYK), nested, balanced, and positively balanced. We show that it is necessary and sufficient that each agent's information processing errors be (1) nondeluded and balanced so that the agents cannot agree to disagree, (2) nondeluded and positively balanced so that it cannot be common knowledge that they are speculating, and (3) nondeluded and KTYK and nested so that agents cannot speculate in equilibrium. Each condition is strictly weaker than the next one, and the last is strictly weaker than partition information.

EFFECTIVE STEPS ON THE WAY TO MODERNIZATION OF CIVIL SERVICE IN THE SYSTEM OF JUDICIARY BODIES: INTRODUCTION OF ELEMENTS OF GAME THEORY

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olena Hladunova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Civil Service ◽  
Civil Servants ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Scientific Article ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Conflict Situations ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right

In this scientific article the main elements of game theory are analyzed, the achievements of domestic and foreign scientists devoted to the consideration of such theory are investigated. The expediency of involving in the practical activity of the civil service in the system of judicial authorities effective methods used in the field of business and consisting in the use of game technologies, which have proven their effectiveness in terms of providing quality services. It is focused on the fact that game theory can play a key role in the decision-making process, however, it is important to strictly adhere to the limits of its application. Possible conflict situations in the work of civil servants of the justice system are formulated and it is investigated that in conflict conditions each so-called participant of the game makes his course, i.e. chooses his strategy, as a result of which the relevant conflict situation is outlined and a set of strategies of all players. Some examples of the use of elements of game theory are given and the content of certain types of strategies is revealed. In particular, a strategy is described, which is denoted by the term "screening". Taking into account the definition of ways to modernize the civil service, the need to include in standardized training programs for civil servants of the justice system category "B" training course, which will include the basic principles of game theory for their active use in conflict, skills to compromise in relationships with visitors to the court - recipients of court services, selection of the right strategy, consideration of theoretical and game modeling of personnel management tasks, focusing on the ability to obtain and timely provide the necessary information to create a new civil service in the judiciary that meets international standards.

scholarly journals A Thought Experiment on Sustainable Management of the Earth System

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jobst Heitzig ◽  
Wolfram Barfuss ◽  
Jonathan F. Donges
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Game Theory ◽  
Optimal Control ◽  
Sustainable Management ◽  
Thought Experiment ◽  
Earth System ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Right ◽  
Safe Operating ◽  
Qualitative Decision

We introduce and analyse a simple formal thought experiment designed to reflect a qualitative decision dilemma humanity might currently face in view of climate change. In it, each generation can choose between just two options, either setting humanity on a pathway to certain high wellbeing after one generation of suffering, or leaving the next generation in the same state as this one with the same options, but facing a continuous risk of permanent collapse. We analyse this abstract setup regarding the question of what the right choice would be both in a rationality-based framework including optimal control, welfare economics and game theory, and by means of other approaches based on the notions of responsibility, safe operating spaces, and sustainability paradigms. Despite the simplicity of the setup, we find a large diversity and disagreement of assessments both between and within these different approaches.

Revocation of Citizenship and Rule of Law: How Judicial Review Defeated Britain's First Denaturalization Regime

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Weil ◽  
Nicholas Handler
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Judicial Review ◽  
Political Order ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
The Past ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Global Trend ◽  
The Right ◽  
Western Democracies

Over the past decade, the United Kingdom has deprived an increasing number of British subjects of their citizenship. This policy, known as “denaturalization,” has been applied with particular harshness in cases where foreign-born subjects have been accused of terrorist activity. The increase is part of a global trend. In recent years, Canada, Australia, France, and the Netherlands have either debated or enacted denaturalization statutes. But Britain remains an outlier among Western democracies. Since 2006, the United Kingdom home secretary has revoked the citizenship of at least 373 Britons, of whom at least 53 have had alleged links to terrorism. This is more than the total number of revocations by Canada, France, Australia, and Netherlands combined. These developments are troubling, as the right to be secure in one's citizenship has been a cornerstone of the postwar European liberal political order, and of the international community's commitment to human rights.

Game Theory and the Law

2021 ◽  
pp. 55-70
Author(s):  
Marlies Ahlert
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Ideal Theory ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Strategic Interactions ◽  
Bargaining Problems ◽  
Game Forms ◽  
Classical Game ◽  
Micro Foundations ◽  
Adaptation Model

Classical game theory analyses strategic interactions under extreme idealisations. It assumes cognitively unconstrained players with common knowledge concerning game forms, preferences, and rationality. Such ideal theory is highly relevant for human self-understanding as a rational being or what Selten called ‘rationology’. Yet, ideal theory is highly irrelevant for real actors who are in Selten’s sense boundedly rational. Starting from essential features of real bargaining problems, elements of Selten’s ‘micro-psychological’ and Raiffa’s ‘telescopic’ behavioural bargaining theory are introduced. From this, an outline of a workable rationality approach to bargaining emerges. It suggests relying on telescopic elements from Raiffa’s model to provide general outcome orientation and on insights from Selten’s aspiration adaptation model of individual decision making to develop process-sensitive action advice. A bird’s eye view of a prominent recent case of ‘bargaining in the shadow of the courts’ shows a surprisingly good fit of outcomes with the implications of Raiffa’s telescopic approach while remaining compatible with a Seltenian process. Though due to a lack of specific information because the micro-foundations for the telescopic theory cannot be provided, it is at least clear how further case studies and experiments might be put to work here.

Abstracting Failure Case Database Information for Detecting Failure Mode

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenji Iino ◽  
Masayuki Nakao
Keyword(s):  
Graphical Representation ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Technological Advancement ◽  
Industrial Accidents ◽  
Structural Element ◽  
Planning Stage ◽  
The Right ◽  
Use Of Knowledge

Industrial accidents continue to happen despite rapid technological advancement and they are often caused by triggers similar to those of past accidents. If we turn our eyes to the world, especially to the emerging industrial players, we hear news about accidents caused by phenomena that have already caused similar accidents elsewhere. Industries, as they emerge and grow over hundreds of years, learn their lessons throughout their histories and build rules, regulations, and common knowledge to avoid accidents. Each industry is probably well aware of accidents that took place in its own country, especially when the accident led to enforcement of a new law. Nevertheless, we hardly have any knowledge of accidents in foreign countries unless they were of huge sizes. Japan had a national project of building a database of knowledge and lessons learned from past accidents. Failure Knowledge Database (FKDB) went on the Web in 2005. As of today it still attracts a large number of readers with its over 1,600 failure cases. Our research is targeted at making use of this FKDB by abstracting the knowledge, especially what triggered the accidents, and comparing the knowledge with functional and structural elements used in new designs. Design Record Graph (DRG) is a graphical representation of the designer’s intension starting from the left with the product functional requirement which iteratively divides into sub-functions to reach a set of functional elements (FE). Each FE maps to a structural element (SE). Then the SEs iteratively combine to form assemblies and finally the product at the right end. A failure starts from one of the FE-SE pairs and propagates the DRG in both left and right directions to reach the two ends. The propagation leaves a trace of how the point of failure led to disabling the product. For each failure case in FKDB, we identified the origin of failure, the FE-SE pair that started the accident. An FE is abstracted by a verb phrase and a set of noun phrases, and similarly an SE with some noun phrases. By limiting the phrases to use, similar concepts are described by the same abstracted phrases. A new design has a number of FE-SE pairs and their propagations in the DRG to reach the two ends. The designer can then compare all propagations in the design, without the knowledge if any of them are dangerous, with those in FKDB that are known to have led to accidents. We developed quantitative operators to evaluate the similarity between two traces. Our results offer a way of warning the designer about possible flaws in a new design similar with causes of past accidents that the designer has no idea about. Our method of preventing design failure can apply to other fields for novice planners in avoiding failure while still in the planning stage. We can further develop the use of knowledge into overseas countries by mapping the limited number of verb and noun phrases into foreign language.

The Government of the United States and American Foreign Missionaries

1912 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-85
Author(s):  
James Brown Scott ◽  
George F. Seward
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Church Of England ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
The United States ◽  
State Constitutions ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right

It is common knowledge that the United States was originally settled either by God-fearing men and women fleeing from persecution, or by political refugees who were unable to bring about reforms which they believed essential to good government and were unwilling to comply with the state of affaire existing in the Old World, or, finally, by those who, unfortunate at home, were desirous of bettering their condition in the New World. The Pilgrim and the Puritan, the Episcopalian and the Catholic, the Quaker, the Presbyterian and the Lutheran settled the Atlantic Coast. The roundhead and the cavalier, the rich and the poor and the inmate of the debtor’s prison found themselves side by side upon a plane of equality without the traditions and the conservatism of an older world. Whether the colony was composed of Puritans and manifested intolerance to the protestant brother of a different faith; whether the settlement remained loyal to the Church of England, as Virginia, or favored the Catholic, as Maryland, or freely accepted the law-abiding without questioning his religion, as the Quakers of Pennsylvania, the principle of religious toleration steadily gained ground, and by the time of the Revolution it may be said generally that religious differences ceased to influence men or their conduct toward each other, by virtue of a conception of liberty which embraced not merely the right to and protection of property but the freedom of thought, of speech and of public worship. The example of Virginia, which in 1786 established religious freedom by statute, profoundly influenced the Federal Government and the various States of the Union; for, by the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, it is provided that “Congress shall make no law respecting the establishment of a religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof,” and the States of the American Union have, in their various Constitutions, placed the same restriction upon their legislatures. The amendment of the Constitution and the like provisions in State Constitutions were not dictated by indifference or hostility to the principles of the Christian religion, but aimed to prevent not merely the establishment of any one form of religion, however widely spread, but to establish upon a firm footing the right before the law of every religious sect.

scholarly journals Radio and Television Programs for National Minorities of the Border Multicultural Region (on the example of Transcarpathia, 1930-1991)

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 188-199
Author(s):  
Nataliia Tolochko
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
Political Order ◽  
Border Region ◽  
The Political ◽  
Ethnic Communities ◽  
Television Programs ◽  
National Minorities ◽  
Right To Information ◽  
The Right

      The article deals with the acute problems of the origin and development of radio and television programs for national minorities within the border region of Ukraine – Transcarpathia  (in pre-Soviet and Soviet periods). The problem under consideration is relevant because of the fact that since the nineteenth century seven states and state entities have changed the territory of Transcarpathia. As representatives of different nationalities, most numerous being Hungarians, Romanians, Russians, Roma, Slovaks, Germans  have long lived at this territory, attention has been paid to changing the ethnic picture over the years. The emergence and development of media for national minorities in the pre-Soviet and Soviet periods depended on the political order, ideology of the states including Transcarpathia. Therefore, some ethnic communities did not have radio and television programs in their mother tongue during the USSR period and were granted the right to information only after Ukraine gained independence.

scholarly journals A new case of pragmatically deviant embedded disjunctions

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 454
Author(s):  
Milica Denić
Keyword(s):  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Scalar Implicatures ◽  
The Right ◽  
Do So

In this paper, we discuss a novel observation that sentences such as ‘#Each of these three girls is Mary, Susan, or Jane’ are deviant. Its deviance is surprising: the sentence should convey that one of the three girls is Mary, another one of them is Susan, and yet another one is Jane; however, it cannot be naturally used to do so. We will propose that the deviance is caused by ignorance inferences which contradict common knowledge. If the proposal is on the right track, ignorance inferences need to be derived blindly to common knowledge, similarly to what has been proposed for scalar implicatures by Magri (2009). 

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