scholarly journals EPISTEMIC INTERNALISM AND TESTIMONIAL JUSTIFICATION

Episteme ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 458-474
Author(s):  
Jonathan Egeland
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Supervenience Base ◽  
Internal Reasons ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Epistemology Of Testimony ◽  
External Conditions ◽  
Justificatory Status ◽  
Stephen Wright

ABSTRACTAccording to epistemic internalists, facts about justification supervene upon one's internal reasons for believing certain propositions. Epistemic externalists, on the other hand, deny this. More specifically, externalists think that the supervenience base of justification isn't exhausted by one's internal reasons for believing certain propositions. In the last decade, the internalism–externalism debate has made its mark on the epistemology of testimony. The proponent of internalism about the epistemology of testimony claims that a hearer's testimonial justification for believing that p supervenes upon his internal reasons for thinking that the speaker's testimony that p is true. Recently, however, several objections have been raised against this view. In this paper, I present an argument providing intuitive support for internalism about the epistemology of testimony. Moreover, I also defend the argument against three recent objections offered by Stephen Wright in a couple of recent papers. The upshot of my discussion is that external conditions do make an epistemic difference when it comes to our testimonial beliefs, but that they cannot make any difference with respect to their justificatory status – i.e., they are justificationally irrelevant.

Beyond The ‘Null Setting’

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 60-76
Author(s):  
Axel Gelfert ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Epistemic Justification ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Epistemology Of Testimony ◽  
The One ◽  
Informal Settings ◽  
Remedial Strategies

Epistemologists of testimony have tended to construct highly stylized (so-called “null setting”) examples in support of their respective philosophical positions, the paradigmatic case being the casual request for directions from a random stranger. The present paper analyzes the use of such examples in the early controversy between reductionists and anti-reductionists about testimonial justification. The controversy concerned, on the one hand, the source of whatever epistemic justification our testimony-based beliefs might have, and, on the other hand, the phenomenology of testimonial acceptance and rejection. As it turns out, appeal to “null setting” cases did not resolve, but instead deepened, the theoretical disputes between reductionists and anti-reductionists. This, it is suggested, is because interpreters ‘fill in’ missing details in ways that reflect their own peculiarities in perspective, experience, upbringing, and philosophical outlook. In response, two remedial strategies have been pursued in recent years: First, we could invert the usual strategy and turn to formal contexts, rather than informal settings, as the paradigmatic scenarios for any prospective epistemology of testimony. Second, instead of “null setting” scenarios, we can focus on richly described cases that either include, or are embedded into, sufficient contextual information to allow for educated judgments concerning the reliability and trustworthiness of the testimony and testifiers involved. The prospects of both of these approaches are then discussed and evaluated.

scholarly journals VII. Further experiments and histological investigations on intumescences, with some observations on nuclear division in pathological tissues

1906 ◽  
Vol 198 (239-250) ◽  
pp. 221-263 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Nuclear Division ◽  
The Other ◽  
No Formation ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
External Conditions ◽  
Stems And Leaves ◽  
Pathological Tissues

In a paper published in 1900 a description was given of certain pathological outgrowths, first called intumescences by Sorauer, but known as œdemata to American writers, occurring spontaneously on Hibiscus vitifolius , Linn. The paper is mainly anatomical , and the various modifications of intumescences found on the stems and leaves are described. On the stem the outgrowths originate by cell division, which is followed by the elongation of the cells concerned. At a later stage the stem intumescence is cut off by cork, so that the cells above the layer of cork die and collapse. In leaf intumescences there is less cell division and no formation of cork. Preliminary experiments were made to determine the conditions under which intumescences arise, and showed the importance of changes in the external conditions in connection with the question of the formation of outgrowths. Strong and healthy plants, grown in the open air , did not develop intumescences, nor did very weakly plants grown in a cool and poorly lighted, though damp, greenhouse. On the other hand, plants grown in warm, damp, well-lighted greenhouses produced intumescences in varying number and degree.

Structure of buffalo lactoferrin at 2.5 Å resolution using crystals grown at 303 K shows different orientations of the N and C lobes

1999 ◽  
Vol 55 (11) ◽  
pp. 1805-1813 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subramanian Karthikeyan ◽  
Murugan Paramasivam ◽  
Savita Yadav ◽  
Alagiri Srinivasan ◽  
Tej P. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structures ◽  
Crystal Form ◽  
Unit Cell ◽  
The Other ◽  
Unit Cell Parameters ◽  
Orthorhombic Space Group ◽  
Space Group ◽  
Cell Parameters ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
External Conditions

The structure of buffalo lactoferrin has been determined at 303 K. The crystals belong to orthorhombic space group P212121, with unit-cell parameters a = 77.5, b = 91.0, c = 131.5 Å and Z = 4. The structure has been refined to an R factor of 0.187. The overall structure of the protein is similar to its structure determined at 277 K in a different crystal form. However, the lobe orientations in the two structures differ by 9.0°, suggesting significant inter-lobe flexibility in this family of proteins. The inter-lobe interactions are predominantly hydrophobic and could act as a cushion for a change in orientation under the influence of external conditions. On the other hand, the domain arrangements are found to be similar in 277 and 303 K crystal structures, with orientations differing by 1.5 and 1.0° in the N and C lobes, respectively. The results of these investigations suggest that the increase in temperature helps in the production of better quality crystals.

A study of cometary eruptions through OH radio-lines

1999 ◽  
Vol 173 ◽  
pp. 249-254
Author(s):  
A.M. Silva ◽  
R.D. Miró
Keyword(s):  
Short Duration ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
The Other ◽  
Initial Mass ◽  
Radio Lines ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Sudden Rise

AbstractWe have developed a model for theH2OandOHevolution in a comet outburst, assuming that together with the gas, a distribution of icy grains is ejected. With an initial mass of icy grains of 108kg released, theH2OandOHproductions are increased up to a factor two, and the growth curves change drastically in the first two days. The model is applied to eruptions detected in theOHradio monitorings and fits well with the slow variations in the flux. On the other hand, several events of short duration appear, consisting of a sudden rise ofOHflux, followed by a sudden decay on the second day. These apparent short bursts are frequently found as precursors of a more durable eruption. We suggest that both of them are part of a unique eruption, and that the sudden decay is due to collisions that de-excite theOHmaser, when it reaches the Cometopause region located at 1.35 × 105kmfrom the nucleus.

Closing the GAP—A 5Å Scanning Microscope

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 6-7
Author(s):  
A. V. Crewe
Keyword(s):  
Normal Form ◽  
The Other ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Scanning Microscope ◽  
Conventional Microscope ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Closing The Gap ◽  
Thermal Sources ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Transmission Microscope

We have become accustomed to differentiating between the scanning microscope and the conventional transmission microscope according to the resolving power which the two instruments offer. The conventional microscope is capable of a point resolution of a few angstroms and line resolutions of periodic objects of about 1Å. On the other hand, the scanning microscope, in its normal form, is not ordinarily capable of a point resolution better than 100Å. Upon examining reasons for the 100Å limitation, it becomes clear that this is based more on tradition than reason, and in particular, it is a condition imposed upon the microscope by adherence to thermal sources of electrons.

Life Beyond 1MeV

1980 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 30-33
Author(s):  
K.H. Westmacott
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Past Experience ◽  
The Other ◽  
Good Case ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The U.S

Life beyond 1MeV – like life after 40 – is not too different unless one takes advantage of past experience and is receptive to new opportunities. At first glance, the returns on performing electron microscopy at voltages greater than 1MeV diminish rather rapidly as the curves which describe the well-known advantages of HVEM often tend towards saturation. However, in a country with a significant HVEM capability, a good case can be made for investing in instruments with a range of maximum accelerating voltages. In this regard, the 1.5MeV KRATOS HVEM being installed in Berkeley will complement the other 650KeV, 1MeV, and 1.2MeV instruments currently operating in the U.S. One other consideration suggests that 1.5MeV is an optimum voltage machine – Its additional advantages may be purchased for not much more than a 1MeV instrument. On the other hand, the 3MeV HVEM's which seem to be operated at 2MeV maximum, are much more expensive.

Can the Academic Self-Concept be Positive and Realistic?

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 129-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reimer Kornmann
Keyword(s):  
Academic Performance ◽  
Opposite Effect ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
High Ability ◽  
Self Image ◽  
Other Hand

Summary: My comment is basically restricted to the situation in which less-able students find themselves and refers only to literature in German. From this point of view I am basically able to confirm Marsh's results. It must, however, be said that with less-able pupils the opposite effect can be found: Levels of self-esteem in these pupils are raised, at least temporarily, by separate instruction, academic performance however drops; combined instruction, on the other hand, leads to improved academic performance, while levels of self-esteem drop. Apparently, the positive self-image of less-able pupils who receive separate instruction does not bring about the potential enhancement of academic performance one might expect from high-ability pupils receiving separate instruction. To resolve the dilemma, it is proposed that individual progress in learning be accentuated, and that comparisons with others be dispensed with. This fosters a self-image that can in equal measure be realistic and optimistic.

Stories and the Self

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Krause ◽  
Markus Appel
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lower Degree ◽  
Contrast Effects ◽  
Self Perception ◽  
Self Perceptions ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

Abstract. Two experiments examined the influence of stories on recipients’ self-perceptions. Extending prior theory and research, our focus was on assimilation effects (i.e., changes in self-perception in line with a protagonist’s traits) as well as on contrast effects (i.e., changes in self-perception in contrast to a protagonist’s traits). In Experiment 1 ( N = 113), implicit and explicit conscientiousness were assessed after participants read a story about either a diligent or a negligent student. Moderation analyses showed that highly transported participants and participants with lower counterarguing scores assimilate the depicted traits of a story protagonist, as indicated by explicit, self-reported conscientiousness ratings. Participants, who were more critical toward a story (i.e., higher counterarguing) and with a lower degree of transportation, showed contrast effects. In Experiment 2 ( N = 103), we manipulated transportation and counterarguing, but we could not identify an effect on participants’ self-ascribed level of conscientiousness. A mini meta-analysis across both experiments revealed significant positive overall associations between transportation and counterarguing on the one hand and story-consistent self-reported conscientiousness on the other hand.

Don’t Put Me in This Group

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-93
Author(s):  
Jort de Vreeze ◽  
Christina Matschke
Keyword(s):  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Negative Information ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Group Memberships

Abstract. Not all group memberships are self-chosen. The current research examines whether assignments to non-preferred groups influence our relationship with the group and our preference for information about the ingroup. It was expected and found that, when people are assigned to non-preferred groups, they perceive the group as different to the self, experience negative emotions about the assignment and in turn disidentify with the group. On the other hand, when people are assigned to preferred groups, they perceive the group as similar to the self, experience positive emotions about the assignment and in turn identify with the group. Finally, disidentification increases a preference for negative information about the ingroup.

ON THE OTHER HAND

1961 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 222-223
Author(s):  
Edwin G. Boring
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand
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