COVID-19 Certificates as a New Form of Mobility Control

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Jouni HÄKLI
Keyword(s):  
Air Traffic ◽  
Mobility Control ◽  
Border Crossings ◽  
Mobile Populations ◽  
Global Mobility ◽  
Travel Restrictions ◽  
Place Of Origin ◽  
New Form ◽  
International Border

The global volume of travel has grown steadily for decades and hence the border closures and travel restrictions in response to COVID-19 have created an unforeseen impact on the number of international border crossings. In air traffic alone the data show a striking 75.6% decrease in the number of scheduled international passengers. We might hasten to think that the strict travel restrictions due to the COVID-19 crisis have in principle treated mobile populations equally – for once we have all been banned from travelling. We could even consider the recent initiatives to introduce “vaccination certificates” as a fair and democratic way to reintroduce safe international travelling. In reality, the idea of a COVID-19 certificate is but a new layer in the broader landscape of highly uneven global mobility where travellers’ citizenship and place of origin truly matter. This article discusses some of the major inequalities embedded in the global mobility regime and argues that the idea of the COVID-19 certificate as an equaliser remains completely disconnected from these underlying realities. To conclude, the article discusses problems related to uneven access to digital travel documents, such as the proposed COVID-19 certificate.

scholarly journals COVID-19 CHALLENGES TO THE CHILD ABDUCTION PROCEEDINGS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Drventić
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Best Interests ◽  
Access To Justice ◽  
Child Abduction ◽  
International Child ◽  
Travel Restrictions ◽  
National Competent Authorities ◽  
International Border ◽  
National Practice ◽  
Insight Into

While creating a new notion of everyday life, the COVID-19 pandemic also affects the resolution of cross-border family disputes, including the international child abduction cases. The return of an abducted child to the country of his or her habitual residence is challenged by travel restrictions, international border closures, quarantine measures, but also by closed courts or cancelled hearings. Those new circumstances that befell the whole world underline two issues considering child abduction proceedings. The first one considers access to justice in terms of a mere possibility of the applicant to initiate the return proceeding and, where the procedure is initiated, in terms of the manner of conducting the procedure. The legislation requires a quick initiation and a summary resolution of child abduction proceedings, which is crucial to ensuring the best interests and well-being of a child. This includes the obligation of the court to hear both the child and the applicant. Secondly, it is to be expected that COVID-19 will be used as a reason for child abduction and increasingly as justification for issuing non-return orders seen as a “grave risk” to the child under Article 13(1)(b) of the Child Abduction Convention. By analysing court practice from the beginning of the pandemic in March 2020 to March 2021, the research will investigate how the pandemic has affected child abduction proceedings in Croatia. Available national practice of other contracting states will also be examined. The aim of the research is to evaluate whether there were obstacles in accessing the national competent authorities and courts during the COVID-19 pandemic, and in which manner the courts conducted the proceedings and interpreted the existence of the pandemic in the context of the grave risk of harm exception. The analyses of Croatian and other national practices will be used to gain an overall insight into the effectiveness of the emerging guidance and suggest their possible broadening in COVID-19 circumstances or any other future crises.

Sailing-Trading Livelihoods in Southeastern Indonesia: Adapting to Change

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 543-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Carnegie
Keyword(s):  
Asylum Seekers ◽  
Sea Cucumber ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
First Century ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Border Crossings ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Drivers Of Change ◽  
International Border

Abstract Sailing-trading livelihoods in southeastern Indonesia have undergone significant change during the later half of the twentieth century and into the twenty-first century. This study identifies how geopolitical, economic, legal and technological drivers of change shape sailing-trading livelihoods. Using an integrated approach, it shows how these macro-level drivers articulate with sailor-traders’ individual and group-based responses at the local level. The findings highlight that over the study period, small-scale inter-island trading within Indonesia’s borders became increasingly competitive and monopolised. In response, sailor-traders strategically adopted new opportunities that involve international border crossings, including to Australia to harvest sea cucumber, transport asylum seekers and undertake work while serving prison terms. The concluding remarks are that while aspects of contemporary sailing-trading livelihoods are temporal and unsustainable, the overall ebb and flow of livelihoods reflects a broader pattern of adaptive responses amidst ongoing change.

Documenting Truck Activity Times at International Border Crossings Using Redesigned Geofences and Existing Onboard Systems

2010 ◽  
Vol 2162 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark R. McCord ◽  
Prem K. Goel ◽  
Colin Brooks ◽  
Prasenjit Kapat ◽  
Richard Wallace ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Border Crossings ◽  
International Border ◽  
Activity Times

scholarly journals Did Trump's Tweet Disparaging Trudeau Impact Canada-U.S. Border Crossings?

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Kane ◽  
Ariana Popa ◽  
Queenie Li ◽  
Paul Sommers
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Prime Minister ◽  
The United States ◽  
Border Crossings ◽  
Dummy Variables ◽  
International Border ◽  
The Impact

  The authors examine the impact of President Donald Trump’s June 9, 2018 tweet disparaging Group of 7 (G7) summit host Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau on Canada – United States border crossings over the Peace Bridge.  The Peace Bridge is one of the busiest international border crossings in North America that connects Fort Erie, Ontario and Buffalo, New York.  A regression analysis of daily automobile crossings between January 1, 2017 and December 31, 2019 (using seasonality dummy variables and controlled for year fixed effects) revealed a statistically discernible reduction in the number of crossings (both east into the United States and, to a lesser extent, west into Canada) seven, fourteen, and even thirty days after the tweet.  Words have consequences. 

Unfreedom Papers

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 139-161
Author(s):  
Benjamin N. Lawrance
Keyword(s):  
Expert Witness ◽  
Expert Witnesses ◽  
Migration Policies ◽  
Global Mobility ◽  
New Form ◽  
Exit Strategies ◽  
Trafficking Victims ◽  
The Many ◽  
Shed Light

Trafficking is not simply a new form of slavery, but rather a complex multivalent and multi-sited process (Anderson and O’Connell Davidson, 2003). This article explores the exit strategies employed by coerced laboring subjects (Fernandez 2014; O’Connell Davidson 2015), to shed light on some of the many “varieties of unfreedom” (O’Neill 2011) in the global labor marketplace. Just as documentation has become indispensable for contemporary global mobility (Bales 1999; de Genova 2003; de Genova and Peutz 2010; Lawrance and Stevens 2017), trafficking survivors also need documentation to protect their newfound liberty. I argue that today trafficking victims deploy “unfreedom papers” as powerful evidentiary counterweights to resist securitized migration policies that would seek to reinstantiate their vulnerability and their potential for further trafficking, and in so doing obviate gradations of trafficking subjecthood created by the politicization of asylum. In the absence of corroborating testimony, trafficking survivors and their advocates engage expert witnesses in order to gain humanitarian protection. “Unfreedom papers”—documentation consisting of diverse records detailing the persistence of coercion and the failures of neo-abolitionist legislation interpreted with the authoritative voice of an expert witness—are now indispensable to trafficking survivors.

The Global Visa Regime and the Political Technologies of the International Self: Borders, Bodies, Biopolitics

2006 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark B. Salter
Keyword(s):  
The Political ◽  
Sovereign Power ◽  
Mobile Populations ◽  
International Borders ◽  
Global Mobility ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Political Technology ◽  
Individual Body ◽  
The Way

This article examines the micropolitics of the border by tracing the interface between government and individual body. In the first act of confession before the vanguard of governmental machinery, the border examination is crucial to both the operation of the global mobility regime and of sovereign power. The visa and passport systems are tickets that allow temporary and permanent membership in the community, and the border represents the limit of the community. The nascent global mobility regime through passport, visa, and frontier formalities manage an international population through and within a biopolitical frame and a confessionary complex that creates bodies that understand themselves to be international. The author charts the way that an international biopolitical order is constructed through the creation, classification, and contention of a surveillance regime and an international political technology of the individual that is driven by the globalization of a documentary, biometric, and confessionary regime. The global visa regime and international borders are crucial in constructing both international mobile populations and international mobile individuals.

scholarly journals A globális, az európai uniós vírusválság határpolitikai hatásai.

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-283
Keyword(s):  
Carpathian Basin ◽  
World Population ◽  
Border Crossings ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Open Borders ◽  
Closed World ◽  
Travel Restrictions ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Eu

Összefoglaló. Az elmúlt mintegy másfél év alatt a COVID–19 vírus valójában több struktúrában megrengette a világot, az Európai Uniót és egyes országokat is. A világ államai rövid idő alatt bezárkóztak, az Európai Unió 30 napra lezárta külső határait, az egyes tagállamok pedig az uniós belső határokat is lezárták. Veszélybe került a schengeni rendszer. A Kárpát-medence államai az elsők között reagáltak a határok lezárásával. Az egyéni döntések kritikája erőteljesen megjelent az Európai Bizottság részéről. A globális, az európai és a szomszédállami folyamatok összefüggtek. A határok lezárása feltehetően hozzájárult a vírus terjedésének a korlátozásához. (Ausztrália példája ezt erősíti.) A határzárak a nemzetközi tranzitforgalomban, a határ menti területeken élők és az ingázók között okozták a legnagyobb bizonytalanságot, több esetben zűrzavart. Summary. According to the first ‘official announcement’ in December of 2019 the Covid-19 virus is reported to have emerged in China. The global spread of the virus was extremely fast. On 11 March 2020, the WHO declared Covid-19 to be a global pandemic. As of 31 March 2020 about 91% of the world population lived in countries with border and travel restrictions (border-closed world). The brief analysis reviews the main processes affecting EU and Member States borders, with a special regard to Hungary and its neighbours in the Carpathian Basin. On 17 March 2020, the EU closed its external borders for 30 days.to non-EU citizens. In parallel, a number of Member States decided to close their borders to both Schengen Zone members and third countries. As a response to border closures, the EU Commission and some states organized the repatriation of about 600,000 EU citizens. On 4 March, virus was officially reported to have been detected in Hungary. On 11 March the Hungarian Government declared a national state of emergency. On 15 March the first coronavirus-related death was announced. On 16 March the Government ordered the complete closure of Hungarian borders. After a border ‘traffic chaos’ along the Austrian-Hungarian border, the Hungarian Government – with collaborations with Romania – opened humanitarian corridors for foreign citizens. The possibilities of border crossings of citizens of seven neighbours of Hungary were formed not just by Hungary. In 2020 because of different changes (modifications, opening and closing) we could form at least three categories: open borders, partly open borders, closed borders. In the neighbouring countries (Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia) the progression of the epidemic followed the same pattern. Over the past year and a half the virus crisis has actually shaken many structures of the globalized world, the European Union and many countries in the Carpathian Basin. The virus crises has disrupted intensive connections between Hungary and neighbouring countries. Neither Hungary nor its neighbours were able to insulate themselves from the epidemic waves. The border restrictions primarily affected the movements of persons. Because of ‘permanent uncertainty’ commuters were the losers of the crisis.

Pandemic worsens human trafficking in South-east Asia

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Migrant Workers ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Border Crossings ◽  
Tier 2 ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Travel Restrictions ◽  
Forced Labour ◽  
Tier 3 ◽  
Watch List

Significance Malaysia was downgraded to ‘Tier 3’ -- the lowest category -- over alleged forced labour involving migrant workers in some of its plantations and factories. Thailand was demoted to the ‘Tier 2 Watch List’ due to concerns about exploitation in its fishing and agriculture industries. Impacts Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore will remain key destinations for trafficked workers despite ongoing travel restrictions. Post-coup instability in Myanmar will likely promote an increase in illegal outbound border crossings. Cross-border movement of unvaccinated forced migrants could fuel fresh coronavirus outbreaks throughout the region.

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