scholarly journals On subshifts with slow forbidden word growth

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-30
Author(s):  
RONNIE PAVLOV
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
General Result ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Main Tool ◽  
Maximal Entropy ◽  
Large Measure ◽  
Slow Growth Rate ◽  
Dynamical Properties ◽  
Alpha Beta ◽  
Measures Of Maximal Entropy

Abstract In this work, we treat subshifts, defined in terms of an alphabet $\mathcal {A}$ and (usually infinite) forbidden list $\mathcal {F}$ , where the number of n-letter words in $\mathcal {F}$ has ‘slow growth rate’ in n. We show that such subshifts are well behaved in several ways; for instance, they are boundedly supermultiplicative in the sense of Baker and Ghenciu [Dynamical properties of S-gap shifts and other shift spaces. J. Math. Anal. Appl.430(2) (2015), 633–647] and they have unique measures of maximal entropy with the K-property and which satisfy Gibbs bounds on large (measure-theoretically) sets. The main tool in our proofs is a more general result, which states that bounded supermultiplicativity and a sort of measure-theoretic specification property together imply uniqueness of the measure of maximum entropy and our Gibbs bounds. We also show that some well-known classes of subshifts can be treated by our results, including the symbolic codings of $x \mapsto \alpha + \beta x$ (the so-called $\alpha $ - $\beta $ shifts of Hofbauer [Maximal measures for simple piecewise monotonic transformations. Z. Wahrsch. verw. Geb.52(3) (1980), 289–300]) and the bounded density subshifts of Stanley [Bounded density shifts. Ergod. Th. & Dynam. Sys.33(6) (2013), 1891–1928].

Time-Energy Budgets During Reproduction and the Evolution of Single Parenting in the Superb Lyrebird

1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 351 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Lill
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Brood Size ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Energy Budgets ◽  
Brood Care ◽  
Single Parenting ◽  
Slow Growth Rate ◽  
Small Brood

Estimated expenditures on brood-care by unassisted female superb lyrebirds, obtained through time-energy budgeting, were compared with published values for other bird species. With the exception of nestbuilding, estimated daily expenditures were relatively low, due mainly to the small brood size and low level of parental attentiveness. It is suggested that the traits which reduce daily brood-care expenditures, particularly the small brood size and extremely slow growth rate, may have evolved as adaptations which enabled deserted females operating close to maximal capacity to cope with single-parenting. Male parental involvement could probably increase the growth rate of the young, but not brood size; moreover, egg- laying was sufficiently asynchronous to afford multiple mating opportunities to parentally emancipated males. However, the slow growth rate of the young results in relatively large overall brood-care expenditures for females. Investments by males of up to 50% of daylight hours and 45% of BMR on singing at the height of the mating season were comparable with those of partially emancipated, polygynous males of other species. They probably reflect the high level of competition to control good display areas and to advertise status and quality to widely spaced females.

scholarly journals Effect of physiological age of stem and IBA treatment on rooting of branch cuttings of Taxus baccata L.

1970 ◽  
pp. 01-07
Author(s):  
Saumitro Das ◽  
L.K. Jha
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Physiological Age ◽  
Taxus Baccata ◽  
Practical Solution ◽  
Slow Growth Rate ◽  
Rooting Response ◽  
Himalayan Yew ◽  
Rooting Capacity

The natural population of Taxus baccata L. (Himalayan Yew) throughout the Indian Himalayan Region is greatly reduced due to its extensive and reckless exploitation for “Taxol” an anticancer drug. The effects of overexploitation are exacerbated by the species poor regeneration process, slow growth rate and prolonged seed dormancy. Therefore vegetative propagation by branch cuttings seems to be only practical solution for its large scale multiplication. A study was conducted on six candidate trees (CTs) to examine the effect genotype, physiological age of stem, IBA treatment on rooting of Taxus baccata cuttings. Results revealed that rooting behaviour of cuttings was significantly affected by all the factors under study. Among the six CTs studied, CT 2 (from BSI, Shillong) had given the highest rooting response (46.28%). The juvenile cuttings have the higher rooting capacity; however the callusing was more prominent in mature cutting. The influence of IBA treatment was also significant for rooting where 1000 was most effective for stimulating rooting juvenile cuttings and 2000 ppm in mature cuttings.

scholarly journals Regrowth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Populations Exposed to Antibiotic Combinations Is Due to the Presence of Isoniazid and Not Bacterial Growth Rate

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte L. Hendon-Dunn ◽  
Henry Pertinez ◽  
Alice A. N. Marriott ◽  
Kim A. Hatch ◽  
Jon C. Allnutt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Bacterial Population ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Bacterial Growth Rate ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Slow Growth Rate ◽  
Antibiotic Efficacy ◽  
Fast Growth Rate

ABSTRACT Modulation of the growth rate in Mycobacterium tuberculosis is key to its survival in the host, particularly with regard to its adaptation during chronic infection, when the growth rate is very slow. The resulting physiological changes influence the way in which this pathogen interacts with the host and responds to antibiotics. Therefore, it is important that we understand how the growth rate impacts antibiotic efficacy, particularly with respect to recovery/relapse. This is the first study that has asked how growth rates influence the mycobacterial responses to combinations of the frontline antimycobacterials, isoniazid (INH), rifampin (RIF), and pyrazinamide (PZA), using continuous cultures. The time course profiles of log-transformed total viable counts for cultures, controlled at either a fast growth rate (mean generation time [MGT], 23.1 h) or a slow growth rate (MGT, 69.3 h), were analyzed by the fitting of a mathematical model by nonlinear regression that accounted for the dilution rate in the chemostat and profiled the kill rates and recovery in culture. Using this approach, we show that populations growing more slowly were generally less susceptible to all treatments. We observed a faster kill rate associated with INH than with RIF or PZA and the appearance of regrowth. In line with this observation, regrowth was not observed with RIF exposure, which provided a slower bactericidal response. The sequential additions of RIF and PZA did not eliminate regrowth. We consider here that faster, early bactericidal activity is not what is required for the successful sterilization of M. tuberculosis, but instead, slower elimination of the bacilli followed by reduced recovery of the bacterial population is required.

Insulin, growth hormone, glucose, and fatty acids in gilts selected for rapid vs. slow growth rate

1989 ◽  
Vol 257 (4) ◽  
pp. E554-E560
Author(s):  
S. A. Norton ◽  
M. T. Zavy ◽  
C. V. Maxwell ◽  
D. S. Buchanan ◽  
J. E. Breazile
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Insulin Level ◽  
Growth Line ◽  
Slow Growth Rate ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Plasma Gh ◽  
Profile Area

Twelve-hour plasma profiles of growth hormone (GH), insulin, glucose, and nonesterified free fatty acids (NEFA), as well as GH, insulin, and glucose responses to saline, glucose, arginine, and human pancreatic growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) infusion were examined in 15 crossbred gilts, selected for rapid vs. slow growth. For experiment 1 GH and insulin patterns differed (P less than 0.05) between the rapid growth line (RGL) and slow growth line (SGL). Mean GH concentrations in SGL and RGL gilts were 4.1 and 3.2 ng/ml, respectively (P less than 0.05). Plasma GH profile area was greater (P less than 0.08) for SGL than RGL gilts. Glucose level, glucose area, and insulin level were higher (P less than 0.05) for RGL than SGL gilts. Plasma NEFA levels and area were greater (P less than 0.05) for SGL gilts. In experiment 2 responses of GH, insulin, and glucose to saline, glucose, arginine, and GRF infusions varied (P less than 0.05) between and within lines relative to control values. These results indicate that selection for growth rate results in concomitant changes in endocrine and metabolic status.

Effectiveness of Selecting for Rapid and for Slow Growth Rate in Hampshire Swine

1946 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Krider ◽  
B. W. Fairbanks ◽  
W. E. Carroll ◽  
E. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Slow Growth Rate

Fast Melting and Refining of Recycled Silicon Powders from the Wafer Back Grinding Process for Solar Cell Feedstock

2012 ◽  
Vol 706-709 ◽  
pp. 859-864 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kum Hee Seo ◽  
Bok Hyun Kang ◽  
Ki Young Kim
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Directional Solidification ◽  
Silicon Oxide ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Graphite Crucible ◽  
Grinding Process ◽  
Slow Growth Rate ◽  
Complete Melting ◽  
To Come ◽  
Silicon Particles

A new way to melt and refine recycled silicon powders from the wafer back grinding wastes was proposed. We designed a new equipment using induction heating for the fast melting and directional solidification of the recycled silicon powders, and investigated the feasibility of utilizing them as silicon feedstock for solar cells through lab-scale experiments on the melting and refining them. Silicon particles recovered from back grinding slurry were flake like and very fine, about 3um and was covered with very thin silicon oxide. Slag was observed on the top of the melt during melting, which was composed of oxygen, silicon and carbon which was believed to come from the graphite crucible. Complete melting and subsequent feeding of powders into the melt were prevented by the slag formed during melting, which could be solved by changing the melting atmosphere. Slow growth rate made the impurities such as Al, Ti, Fe, Zr segregate to the top of the ingot purifying the lower part. Over 5N purity was obtained in the middle and lower part of the ingot by the fast melting and directional solidification.

Strain Accommodation and Relaxation Mechanisms in Epitaxially Grown Manganites

2001 ◽  
Vol 696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-José Casanove ◽  
Pierre Baulès ◽  
Christian Roucau ◽  
David Magnoux ◽  
Jean-François Bobo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Epitaxial Growth ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
The State ◽  
Misfit Dislocations ◽  
Orthorhombic Distortion ◽  
Strained Layers ◽  
Slow Growth Rate ◽  
Deposition Conditions

AbstractEpitaxial growth of La1-x(SrorCa)xMnO3 manganites (LSMO or LCMO) has been successfully achieved on SrTiO3 (001) and MgO(001) substrates. We report the influence of the deposition conditions, in particular growth rate, annealing and nature of the substrate, on the state of strain in the manganite layers. Fully strained layers are reported at very slow growth rate on SrTiO3 substrates while misfit dislocations are clearly observed in layers grown on MgO and alsoin layers grown on SrTiO3, after annealing at high temperature. Besides, evidence is given for a rhombohedral (respectively orthorhombic) distortion relaxation in LSMO (respectively LCMO) layers. The microstructure of the manganite layers is analyzed taking into account their non-isomorphic growth on the cubic substrates.

Growth Kinetics and Formation of Uniform Self-Assembled InAs/GaAs Quantum Dots at

2007 ◽  
Vol 124-126 ◽  
pp. 539-542
Author(s):  
Eui Tae Kim ◽  
Anupam Madhukar
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Quantum Dots ◽  
Growth Kinetics ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Fast Growth ◽  
Slow Growth Rate ◽  
Self Assembled ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Fast Growth Rate ◽  
2D To 3D

We discuss the growth kinetics of InAs/GaAs self-assembled quantum dots (QDs) using two different InAs deposition rates, relatively fast growth rate of 0.22 ML/sec and slow growth rate of 0.054 ML/sec. With increasing InAs deposition amount to 3.0 ML, the QD density was almost constant after 2D to 3D island transition at the slow deposition rate while the QD density kept increasing and the QD size distribution was relatively broad at the fast growth rate. After the 2D to 3D transition, at the slow growth rate, further deposited In adatoms seemed to incorporate primarily into already formed islands, and thus contribute to equalize island size. The photoluminescence (PL) full-width at half maximum (FWHM) of 2.5 ML InAs QDs at 0.054 ML/sec was 23 meV at 78K. The PL characteristics of InAs/GaAs QDs were degraded significantly after thermal annealing at 550 oC for 3 hours.

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