Influence of normal tide and the Great Tsunami as recorded through hourly-resolution micro-analysis of a mussel shell

We report here hourly variations of Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca, and Ba/Ca ratios in a Mediterranean mussel shell (Mytilus galloprovincialis) collected at the Otsuchi bay, on the Pacific coast of northeastern Japan. This bivalve was living in the intertidal zone, where such organisms are known to form a daily or bidaily growth line comprised of abundant organic matter. Mg/Ca ratios of the inner surface of the outer shell layer, corresponding to the most recent date, show cyclic changes at 25–90 μm intervals, while no interpretable variations are observed in Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca ratios. High Mg/Ca ratios were probably established by (1) cessation of the external supply of Ca and organic layer forming when the shell is closed at low tide, and (2) the strong binding of Mg to the organic layer, but not of Sr and Ba. Immediately following the great tsunami induced by the 2011 Tohoku earthquake, Mg/Ca enrichment occurred, up to 10 times that of normal low tide, while apparent Ba/Ca enrichment was observed for only a few days following the event, therefore serving a proxy of the past tsunami. Following the tsunami, periodic peaks and troughs in Mg/Ca continued, perhaps due to a biological memory effect as an endogenous clock.

Hourly-resolution Analysis of a Mussel Shell: Influence of Normal Tide and the Great Tsunami

We report here hourly variations of Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca ratios in a Mediterranean mussel shell (Mytilus galloprovincialis) collected at the Otsuchi bay, on the Pacific coast of northeastern Japan. This bivalve was living in the intertidal zone, where such organisms are known to form a daily or bidaily growth line comprised of abundant organic matter. Mg/Ca ratios of the inner surface of the outer shell layer, corresponding to the most recent date, show cyclic changes at 25-90 mm intervals, while no valuable variations are observed in Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca ratios. High Mg/Ca ratios were probably established when the bivalve was located at low tide with a reduced supply of Ca from seawater. Immediately following the great tsunami induced by the 2011 Tohoku earthquake, Mg/Ca enrichment occurred, up to 10 times that of normal low tide, while apparent Ba/Ca enrichment was observed for only a few days following the event, implementing a proxy of the past tsunami. Following the tsunami, periodic peaks and troughs in Mg/Ca continued, perhaps due to a biological memory effect as an endogenous clock.

Intraskeletal Osteohistovariability Reveals Complex Growth Strategies in a Late Cretaceous Enantiornithine

Most crown-birds experience rapid growth, reaching adult size within a year. Rapid growth strategies evolved within Aves multiple times during the Cretaceous, documented in the Confuciusornithiformes and the Ornithuromorpha. In contrast, osteohistological data suggest the Enantiornithes, the dominant clade of Cretaceous terrestrial birds, were characterized by much slower growth rates that were sustained longer into adulthood. Here we provide evidence for a unique growth strategy involving relatively rapid growth in the Late Cretaceous avisaurid enantiornithine, Mirarce eatoni. Multiple appendicular skeletal elements were sectioned for osteohistological analysis. These show remarkable intraskeletal variation, and high levels of variation even between individual sections. The radius is composed of parallel-fibered bone, similar to histological descriptions in other enantiornithines. Other elements, in contrast, differ markedly from other members of the clade. The humerus is composed of parallel-fibered bone with a middle layer of incipient fibrolamellar bone and several growth lines in the outer circumferential layer and near the endosteal border. The endosteal and periosteal layers of slow-growing bone indicate cyclical variation in growth rates. The femur shows regions of coarse compact cancellous bone and parallel-fibered bone with numerous secondary osteons, and only a single growth line. The tarsometatarsus is predominantly fibrolamellar in texture, with several asymmetrical growth lines located throughout the cortex; this element exhibits strong cortical drift. Growth lines in both the endosteal and periosteal portions of the cortex indicate that, like the humerus, growth rates of this bone varied cyclically. The two phalanges studied here are composed of parallel-fibered bone with extensive evidence of and remodeling over possible regions of coarse compact cancellous bone. Although Mirarce is one of the largest known enantiornithines, slow and protracted growth documented in similarly-sized taxa suggests this bone texture is not merely a size-related scaling effect. These findings indicate that by the Late Cretaceous, some enantiornithines had evolved absolutely higher growth rates and more complex life history strategies, in which growth rates varied across the skeleton. Furthermore, a variety of strategies were employed to achieve adult size and morphology, including cycles of slow and fast growth, asymmetrical growth within a single element, and extensive remodeling.

Evidence for stage-based larval vulnerability and resilience to acidification in Crassostrea virginica

ABSTRACT Using image analysis of scanning electron micrographs (SEMs), we compared differences in growth of D-stage veligers [i.e. prodissoconch I and II (PI and PII) larvae] of eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica grown in mesohaline water under high- and low-CO2 conditions. We found SEMs to reveal no evidence of dissolution or shell structure deformity for larval shells in either of the CO2 treatments but detected prominent growth lines in the PII regions of larval shells. The number of growth lines closely approximated the duration of the experiment, suggesting that growth lines are generated daily. Mean growth line interval widths were 20% greater for larval shells cultured in low- vs high-CO2 conditions. Crassostrea virginica veliger larvae were shown to tolerate high CO2 levels and aragonite saturation states (Ωarag) < 1.0, but larval growth was slowed substantially under these conditions. Differences in growth line interval width translate into substantial changes in shell area and account for previously observed differences in total shell area between the treatments, as determined by light microscopy and image analysis. Other studies have documented high mortality and malformation of D-stage larvae in bivalves when pre-veliger life stages (i.e. eggs, gastrula and trochophores) were exposed to elevated CO2. Our experiments revealed statistical differences in rates of larval survival, settlement and subsequent early-stage spat mortality for veligers reared in high- and low-CO2 conditions. Although each of these rates was measurably affected by high CO2, the magnitude of these differences was small (range across categories = 0.7–6.3%) suggesting that the impacts may not be catastrophic, as implied by several previous studies. We believe the apparent disparity among experimental results may be best explained by differential vulnerability of pre-veliger stage larvae and veligers, whereby PI and PII larvae have greater physiological capacity to withstand environmental conditions that may be thermodynamically unfavourable to calcification (i.e. Ωarag < 1.0).

Bone Tuberculosis: Clinical Profile of 40 Patients in Dr. Soetomo General Hospital Surabaya

Introduction: Bone and joint tuberculosis are specific infection inflammation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, mostly affected bone and joint confirmed by acceleration of vascular supply to vertebrae and growth line of long bone. The aim of this study is to know clinical profile of bone and joint tuberculosis’ patients. Methods: This study was conducted using descriptive observational method, samples were tested by observation descriptive test. Results: The average ages of bone and joint tuberculosis hospitalized patients of RSUD Dr. Soetomo Surabaya are 35-44 years. There are 22 cases on male (55%) and 18 cases on female (45%) with 29 subjects of Hb’s abnormal number (72.5%), 15 subjects of abnormal leucocytes (37.5%), 20 subjects of abnormal thrombocyte (50%), 34 subjects of abnormal ESR (94.4%), 20 patients of abnormal C-reactive protein (54.1%), 11 subjects of abnormal serum creatinine (28.9%), 13 subjects of abnormal sodium level (35.1%), 15 patients of abnormal potassium level (40.5%), and 16 patients of abnormal chloride level (43.2%). There are 16 subjects with smoking history (40%), 29 subjects of positive tuberculosis history (72.5%), 6 subjects with positive tuberculosis family history (15%), 30 subjects of pain as main problems (75%), 5 subjects of swelling or pus as main problems (12.5%), 5 subjects of extremities disability as main problems (12.5%). Dominant location of infection is vertebrae (95%) which are suffered by 38 subjects with thoracal as the main level of infection, suffered by 15 subjects (50%). Other levels of infection are lumbal with 12 subjects (40%), cervical with 3 subjects (10%), and pelvis or thigh with 2 subjects (5%). Conclusion: From 40 subjects, bone and joint tuberculosis mostly suffered by elderly, male risks more than female. Most of hematology tests results were abnormal. Most subjects suffered abnormal C-reactive protein. Most subjects’ hematology tests were BUN, creatinine serum, and electrolyte normal. Number of subjects with smoking habits was dominant. Most subjects were having tuberculosis history but negative family history. Most subjects complained about pain with vertebrae level thoracal as dominant location of infection.

Performance of the third generation striped catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus Sauvage, 1878 as results of the selection for bodyweight character in Freshwater Aquaculture Fisheries Center, Sungai Gelam, Jambi

Selective breeding of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus Sauvage, 1878) has been conducted at BPBAT Sungai Gelam to produce a growth line with mass selection method. Until 2018, the selective breeding program has produced three generations. Therefore, it was necessary to evaluate the performance of the third generation growth line (G3Ps) at the reproductive, seed and grow-out phase compared to the second generation the base population (G2Ds). A total of 10 pairs of broodstock (G3Ps and G2Ds) were spawned then the seeds were raised for 120 days in the media with regular water exchange (first treatment: T1) and without water exchange (second treatment: T2). The results showed that the number of eggs per gram of G3Ps (1600±124 eggs g-1) was significantly different from G2Ds (1490±101 eggs g-1). The bodyweight of G3Ps seeds at aged 40 days larger than G2Ds with selection response is 32.25%, while survival and feed efficiency were not significantly different. At the grow-out phase, between treat-ments were not significantly different and there was no interaction between lines and treatments for all the characters measured (p>0.05). The bodyweight of G3Ps was larger than the G2Ds with response selection 18.41% in T1 and 42.6% in T2. The control used was the base population so that the selection response obtained was an accumulation of three generations. Thus the selection response per generation was 6.14% in T1 and 14.20% in T2 measured at 162 days from hatching. It can be concluded that there is an improvement in the character of bodyweight for the third generation of growth line (G3Ps) as results of the selection at BPBAT Sungai Gelam both in good (T1) and bad environment (T2).

AIREML estimation of genetic parameters and study of factors affecting growth and fertility performance of sire line of IBL-80 broiler chicken

The present investigation included the data of 29,879 birds pertaining to 8 generations, from 2010 to 2018 on growth line (PB1) of IBL-80 broiler. The mean estimates of growth and fertility traits were BWT0 (39.97±0.05 gms), BWT5 (1189.17±1.45 gms), BWT10 (1723.59±6.26 gms), BWT15 (2165.71±7.90 gms), BWT20 (2611.23±4.10 gms), ADG5 (32.36±0.07 gms/day), ADG10 (13.09±0.14 gms/day), ADG15 (12.38±0.13 gms/day), ADG20 (12.65±0.13 gms/day), AFE (171.80±0.21 days) and ENO40 (62.47±0.25) which indicated higher growth performance of PB1 affected its fertility performance. ADG5 had highest estimate indicating higher growth during chick stage. Least squares analysis indicated that effect of gender, month of hatch and generation were significant (p less than 0.01) for all growth and fertility traits. AIREML heritability estimates indicated appreciable additive variance in BWT0 (0.50), BWT5 (0.54) and ADG5 (0.20). Other growth and fertility traits had lower heritability which was due to stage wise selection in breeder flock. Phenotypic and genetic correlation estimate indicated negative association between growth and fertility traits.

Fingerprinting snakes: paleontological and paleoecological implications of zygantral growth rings in Serpentes

We introduce a new non-destructive source of skeletochronological data with applications to species identification, associating disarticulated remains, assessing minimum number of individuals (MNI), and collection management of fossil snakes, but with potential implications for all bony vertebrates, extinct or extant. Study of a diverse sample of Recent henophidian snakes confirms that annual growth cycles (AGCs) visible on the surface of the vertebral zygantrum correspond to lines of arrested growth in osteohistological thin sections and accordingly reflect chronological age. None of the specimens considered here showed signs of remodelling of the zygantrum, suggesting that a complete, unaltered age record is preserved. We tested potential influences on AGCs with a single experimental organism, a maleBogertophis subocularis, that was raised at a controlled temperature and with constant access to mice and water. The conditions in which this individual was maintained, including that it had yet to live through a full reproductive cycle, enabled us to determine that its AGCs reflect only the annual solar cycle, and neither temperature, nor resource availability, nor energy diversion to gametogenesis could explain that it still exhibited lines of arrested growth. Moreover, growth lines in this specimen are deposited toward the end of the growth season in the fall, and not in the winter, during which this individual continued to feed and grow, even though this mid-latitude species would normally be hibernating and not growing. This suggests that growth lines are not caused by hibernation, but reflect the onset of a physiological cycle preparingBogertophis subocularisfor winter rest. That being said, hibernation and reproductive cycle could still influence the amount of time represented by an individual growth line. Growth-line number and AGC spacing-pattern, plus centrum length, are used to estimate MNI of the Early Eocene fossil snakeBoavus occidentaliscollected from the Willwood Formation over two field seasons during the late 19th century. We identified eight or nine individuals among specimens previously parcelled among two specimen lots collected during those expeditions.