Breaking from and building on the past: Helsinki and Dublin after independence

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (160) ◽  
pp. 238-255
Author(s):  
Marjaana Niemi
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
Capital City ◽  
World War ◽  
Capital Cities ◽  
The Past ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Clean Break ◽  
The City ◽  
First World

AbstractCapital cities play a significant role in interpreting a country’s past and charting its future. In the aftermath of the First World War nine new European states, Finland and Ireland among them, were confronted with the question of how to create a capital city befitting their new status and national identity. Instead of designing and constructing an entirely new capital city which would have marked a clean break from the past, all these states chose an existing city as the capital. This article will examine processes through which two capitals, Helsinki and Dublin, were renewed physically and symbolically to make the political change ‘real’ to people, but also to reinterpret the past and create a ‘teleology for the present’. The aim is to discuss the ways in which the changes, planned and implemented, both reflected and reinforced new interpretations of the history of the city and the nation, and the continuities and discontinuities the changes created between the past and the present. Some elements and versions of the past were chosen over others, preserved and reinvented in the cityscape, while others were ignored, hidden or denied.

Ale na razie tu cisza” – fotografie sprzed katastrofy w wybranych zapisach literackich (Stefan Chwin, Ryszard Kapuściński, Wisława Szymborska)

2020 ◽  
pp. 65-80
Author(s):  
Magdalena Strąk
Keyword(s):  
Time Perspective ◽  
Terrorist Attack ◽  
First World War ◽  
General Concept ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
World War ◽  
The Past ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
First World

The work aims to show a peculiar perspective of looking at photographs taken on the eve of the broadly understood disaster, which is specified in a slightly different way in each of the literary texts (Stefan Chwin’s autobiographical novel Krótka historia pewnego żartu [The brief history of a certain joke], a poem by Ryszard Kapuściński Na wystawie „Fotografia chłopów polskich do 1944 r.” [At an exhibition “The Polish peasants in photographs to 1944”] and Wisława Szymborska’s Fotografia z 11 września [Photograph from September 11]) – as death in a concentration camp, a general concept of the First World War or a terrorist attack. Upcoming tragic events – of which the photographed people are not yet aware – become for the subsequent recipient an inseparable element of reality contained in the frame. For the later observers, privileged with time perspective, the characters captured in the photograph are already victims of the catastrophe, which in reality was not yet recorded by the camera. It is a work about coexistence of the past and future in the field of photography.

scholarly journals The First World War and its Legacy in the Middle East

2016 ◽  
pp. 91-108
Author(s):  
Eugene Rogan
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
First World War ◽  
Past Century ◽  
World War ◽  
The Past ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Great War ◽  
First World

The First World War proved a crucial turning point in the modern history of the Middle East and North Africa. Under conditions of total warfare, conscripts and civilians suffered greater losses and depredations than in any other conflict in the region before or since. The Great War also led to the breakup of the Ottoman Empire after four centuries of rule over the Arab lands, to be replaced by a modern state system actively negotiated between the Entente Powers in the course of the war. While the borders of Middle Eastern states have proven remarkably enduring over the past century, so too have the problems engendered by the wartime partition diplomacy.

scholarly journals “…People Would Seek for Light and Find Joy in Art”: the First World War and Revolution in the Krasnoyarsk Art Life

2019 ◽  
pp. 1035-1047
Author(s):  
Marina V. Moskaljuk ◽  
Lilia R. Stroy
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Art Exhibitions ◽  
The First World War ◽  
City Culture ◽  
History Of ◽  
Art Community ◽  
First Time ◽  
The City ◽  
First World

The article is devoted to the art processes that took place in Siberia, Krasnoyarsk, during 1914–1920. The main methodology of scientific study on the creative component of the city during the First World War and Revolution is based on the principles of historicism, objectivity, a systematic approach and unique archival data that allowed reconstructing the history of the art life in the city during the First World War and learning about war prisoner artists who brought the traditions of European art into the Krasnoyarsk creative architectonics. For the first time ever, there was found information not used earlier in the analysis of art processes; the data found incorporated the names of professional masters and amateur artists from Germany, Austria, Hungary, Slovenia, who were in military captivity and worked as designers, organized art exhibitions, taught drawing and interacted with local art community. The authors conclude that the selected directions of the creative process formed the art life of the city during the First World War and Revolution, with the participation of foreign masters not only enriching the city culture, but also helping people survive in one of the most dramatic periods of world history

scholarly journals The 1918/19 Spanish Flu in Pisa (Tuscany, Italy)

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-62
Author(s):  
Raffaele Gaeta ◽  
Antonio Fornaciari ◽  
Valentina Giuffra
Keyword(s):  
Typical Feature ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Spanish Flu ◽  
Pandemic Flu ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City ◽  
First World

The Spanish flu pandemic spread in 1918-19 and infected about 500 million people, killing 50 to 100 million of them. People were suffering from severe poverty and malnutrition, especially in Europe, due to the First World War, and this contributed to the diffusion of the disease. In Italy, Spanish flu appeared in April 1918 with several cases of pulmonary congestion and bronchopneumonia; at the end of the epidemic, about 450.000 people died, causing one of the highest mortality rates in Europe. From the archive documents and the autoptic registers of the Hospital of Pisa, we can express some considerations on the impact of the pandemic on the population of the city and obtain some information about the deceased. In the original necroscopic registers, 43 autopsies were reported with the diagnosis of grippe (i.e. Spanish flu), of which the most occurred from September to December 1918. Most of the dead were young individuals, more than half were soldiers, and all of them showed confluent hemorrhagic lung bronchopneumonia, which was the typical feature of the pandemic flu. We believe that the study of the autopsy registers represents an incomparable instrument for the History of Medicine and a useful resource to understand the origin and the evolution of the diseases.

scholarly journals Nekateri vidiki razvoja Ljubljane med marčno revolucijo in prvo svetovno vojno

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (2018) (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Bele
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
English Summary ◽  
Capital City ◽  
World War ◽  
Time Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many ◽  
Revolution Of 1848 ◽  
The City ◽  
First World

Category: 1.02 Review Language: Original in Slovenian (Abstract in Slovenian and English, Summary in English) Key words: Ljubljana, the Ljubljana earthquake, Cukrarna, March Revolution, the southern railway, First World War Abstract: The following text deals with the many-sided development of today’s Slovenian capital city between the so called March Revolution of 1848 and the end of the First World War. In the described time period Ljubljana made significant progress in many aspects. The municipality of Ljubljana grew in size; the city got its statute; also it was reached by the newly built railway. The city population more than doubled. Many of the brand new factories opened its doors; some of the city’s most representative buildings were also built. The Ljubljana earthquake in 1895 presents the biggest turning point in the building history of the city. Ljubljana began receiving help from all sides of the country and became a lively construction site. In the decades in question ten mayors stood at the head of the Ljubljana administration. Some of those mayors were (more or less) pro-Slovenian, others more pro-German.

scholarly journals „Zielone miasto” atrakcji, zwierzęta i nowoczesność. Powstanie warszawskiego ogrodu zoologicznego w odrodzonej Polsce

Adeptus ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karolina Wróbel-Bardzik
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Leisure Time ◽  
First World War ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Zoological Garden ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City ◽  
First World

A “green city” – attractions, animals and modernity: The establishment of the Warsaw Zoological Garden in independent PolandThe article describes the history of establishing the Warsaw Zoological Garden in independent Poland after the First World War, a watershed period when it was possible to implement modern designs not only in the broader, national context, but also in the local and urban environment. Intensive discussions on the form of modernity attempted to find its version which would combine European and local inspiration. To some extent, the establishment of a modern zoo also defined the place of animals in the urban space. While some species were excluded from the city centre, others were put in the sphere of leisure time. „Zielone miasto” atrakcji, zwierzęta i nowoczesność. Powstanie warszawskiego ogrodu zoologicznego w odrodzonej PolsceArtykuł dotyczy założenia warszawskiego ogrodu zoologicznego po odzyskaniu przez Polskę niepodległości. Był to moment przełomowy, pozwalający na wprowadzenie istotnych zmian modernizacyjnych zarówno w kontekście narodowym, jak i lokalnym, miejskim. Toczyły się wówczas dyskusje na temat wizji nowoczesności, poszukiwano takiej jej wersji, która łączyłaby trendy europejskie i lokalne inspiracje. Założenie ogrodu zoologicznego jako nowoczesnej instytucji określało w pewnym stopniu także miejsce zwierząt w przestrzeni miejskiej. Zauważalne były wówczas procesy rugowania niektórych gatunków zwierząt z miasta czy sytuowania innych w obrębie kultury czasu wolnego.

The relief of Belgian refugees in the archdiocese of Glasgow during the First World War: ‘A Crusade of Christianity’

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kieran D. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Popular Opinion ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Relief Efforts ◽  
The City ◽  
First World ◽  
The Church

The relief of Belgian refugees in Britain is an emerging area of study in the history of the First World War. About 250,000 Belgian refugees came to Great Britain, and at least 19,000 refugees came to Scotland, with the majority hosted in Glasgow. While relief efforts in Scotland were co-ordinated and led by the Glasgow Corporation, the Catholic Church also played a significant role in the day-to-day lives of refugees who lived in the city. This article examines the Archdiocese of Glasgow's assistance of Belgian refugees during the war. It considers first the Catholic Church's stance towards the War and the relief of Belgian refugees. The article then outlines the important role the Church played in providing accommodation, education and religious ministry to Belgian refugees in Glasgow. It does this by tracing the work of the clergy and by examining popular opinion in Catholic media. The article establishes that the Church and the Catholic community regarded the relief and reception of Belgian refugees as an act of religious solidarity.

scholarly journals Yakutsk Self-Government Elections During the First World War

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 100-107
Author(s):  
Savvinov Pavel O. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
City Council ◽  
World War ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Election Process ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Election Meeting ◽  
The City ◽  
First World

The paper provides the analysis of the city self-government structure and election process in Yakutsk. The purpose of this work was to comprehensively review the elections to the City Duma and City Council in Yakutsk during the First World War (1915–1917) and clarify the staff of the city self-government. The scientific novelty is that the staff of Yakutsk self-government and elections to the City Duma and City Council of 1915 are analyzed for the first time using such cognitive methods as historicism, objectivity, consistency, and complexity. Using a comparative-historical method made it possible to determine the cause-and-effect relations and regularities of the historical development of the phenomenon under study. The research revealed that during the elections of 1915, the citizens became more interested in the activities of the public self-government, as evidenced by the first pre-election meetings. The elected city self-government had a majority of officials. At the end of 1916, a project was developed to reorganize the city council office. That project was suggested to increase the complexity of functions and regulations and the number and staff of self-government structures and was to become the next stage in the development of Yakutsk public self-government. Practical relevance of the research is that the results of the study can be used for further study of the cities of Siberia. The article is intended for historians and everyone interested in the history of Yakutia. Keywords: city council, city duma, city regulation of 1892, city council members, election meeting, office of the city council

scholarly journals La tarjeta postal como documento histórico: una aproximación visual a la Primera Guerra MundialThe postcard as a historical document: a visual approach to the First World War

2017 ◽  
pp. 286
Author(s):  
José Manuel López Torán
Keyword(s):  
Time Spectrum ◽  
First World War ◽  
Historical Document ◽  
World War ◽  
Graphic Arts ◽  
The Past ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Visual Approach ◽  
History Of ◽  
First World

Desde que en 1869 aparecieran las primeras tarjetas postales ilustradas, estas pequeñas cartulinas han logrado convertirse con el tiempo en testimonio del pasado, en documentos históricos de primer orden que cubren un espectro temporal de casi siglo y medio de nuestra historia y en objetos culturales que simbolizan el desarrollo de toda una época y que abarcan los principales acontecimientos más recientes y muchos de los aspectos de la vida diaria. La Primera Guerra Mundial, por su magnitud y sus consecuencias, se ha posicionado como uno de los episodios más importantes de nuestra historia reciente y, sin lugar a dudas, las artes gráficas se convirtieron en un mecanismo de expresión de los acontecimientos que iban ocurriendo, de ahí la enorme difusión a través de fotografías, carteles, grabados y, por supuesto, de tarjetas postales, que tan populares se hicieron durante aquellos años. A través del análisis de más de diez mil postales, consultadas en su mayoría a través de las páginas web de los principales centros de documentación a nivel internacional, se pretende realizar un acercamiento a este episodio histórico, a la vez que poner en valor el papel que jugaron en el propio desarrollo del conflicto, al convertirse en uno de los principales medios utilizados en la difusión y propaganda de la contienda.PALABRAS CLAVE: Primera Guerra Mundial, tarjeta postal, historia de las emociones, propaganda, fotografía.ABSTRACTSince the first picture postcards appeared in 1869, these small cards have managed over time to become a testimony of the past, a top-notch historical document which covers a time spectrum of close to a century of our history, and a cultural object which symbolizes the development of an era that covers the major recent events and many aspects of daily life. The First World War, in its magnitude and its consequences, has been one of those historical chapters of our recent historyand the graphic arts became a mechanism for the expression of the events that happened during it. It was during the war that the popularity of photographs, posters, prints and, of course, postcards became more widespread. Through the analysis of more than 10000 postcards, consulted mostly through the webpages of the most important international documentation centers, we seek to take a close look at this historical development and to focus on the role they played in the conflict as they became one of the main media used in the dissemination and propaganda of the battle.KEY WORDS: First World War, postcard, history of emotions, propaganda, photography.

The history of a lesson: Versailles, Munich and the social construction of the past

2003 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 499-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikkel Vedby Rasmussen
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The West ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
First World

The article investigates the concept of lessons in IR. By means of a constructivist critique of the ‘lessons literature’, the article analyses one of the most important of IR lessons: that of Munich. Examining how the Munich lesson came about, the article shows the praxeological nature of lessons and emphasises the need to study the history of lessons rather than the lessons of history. This approach shows that Munich is the end point of a constitutive history that begins in the failure of the Versailles treaty to create a durable European order following the First World War. The Munich lesson is thus one element of the lesson of Versailles, which is a praxeology that defines how the West is to make peace, and against whom peace must be defended. The lesson of Versailles has been, at least in part, constitutive of the outbreak of the Cold War, and it continues to define the Western conception of what defines peace and security even in the ‘war against terrorism’.

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