Ethnicity or Religion? A Theory of Identity Choice with Evidence from the Russian North Caucasus

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Valery Dzutsati
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Social Role ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Religious Identities ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Caucasus Region ◽  
Group Identities ◽  
Russian North ◽  
The Rich

Abstract Previous research has either equated religion- and language-based group identities or asserted that their social effects are the same. This article proposes a novel differentiation between religious and ethnic self-identification that accounts for in-group income inequality and the social role of the group. The study argues that ethnicity-based identities tend to be associated with economic activities, thereby increasing the demand for income equality within such groups. Religious identities, on the contrary, are centered around noneconomic activities and have the ideological framework for reconciling material inequalities. The observable implication of this distinction is that the high-, low-, and middle-income categories of the multicultural society will display differential association with ethnic and religious identities. Ethnic groups will have lower in-group income inequality as a result of the exclusion of the poor and the departure of the rich. Religious groups, on the contrary, will have higher in-group income inequality due to the capacity of religion to accommodate both poor and rich. Relevant empirical tests from the ethnically and religiously diverse Russian North Caucasus region indicate support for the proposed theory.

THE EFFECT OF ECONOMIC GROWTH ON INCOME INEQUALITY:PANEL DATA ANALYSIS FROM FIFTY COUNTRIES

INFO ARTHA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Alamanda Alamanda
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
High Income ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between economic growth and income inequality is one of the controversial issues in macroeconomics. Many studies have been done to show the relationship between economic growth and income inequality. However, the research about this problem by using panel data is still minimum. Also, there is still no research that differentiates the effect between lower-middle, upper-middle, and high-income countries. This paper examines the effect of economic growth on income inequality by analysing a panel data set of fifty countries from 2000 to 2018. Using the Pooled OLS, Fixed Effect, and Random Effect Model, this paper finds that economic growth has a positive significant impact on income inequality, which means the higher the economic growth, the bigger the gap between the rich and the poor. The empirical evidence suggests that a one-point increase in GDP growth will increase the Gini Index by 0.082 to 0.085 points on average. Moreover, the paper finds that the effect of economic growth on increasing the incidence of income inequality seems to be higher in lower-middle and upper-middle income countries than in high-income countries.

scholarly journals Eradicating Income Inequality in Lower Middle-Income Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 222-231
Author(s):  
Tangguh Pratysto ◽  
Ingrid Panjaitan
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Physical Capital ◽  
School Enrollment ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Impact

Studying the distribution of income is an important issue to know what factors which affect to make income distribution more equitable, what factors can be the key to resolving the problem of income inequality, and shortening the distance between the poor and the rich. This paper studies the relationship between human capital, inflation rate, unemployment rate, physical capital, fiscal expenditure, gross domestic product growth, and urbanization on income inequality in 52 Lower Middle-Income Countries throughout 1990-2014. The authors estimate the impact of seven independent variables on income inequality as a dependent using Prais-Winsten with the robust model over period 1990-2014 at 52 Lower Middle-Income Countries. The results indicate an increase in human capital (gross school enrollment tertiary) can make the income distribution more even in the long run. The writers conclude that increases in human capital can reduce Gini coefficient and hence make income distribution fairer.

SCREENING OF WHEAT LR-GENES FOR RESISTANCE TO PUCCINIA TRITICINA IN THE NORTH CAUCASUS REGION CONDITIONS

1970 ◽  
pp. 54-56
Author(s):  
G. V. Volkova ◽  
O. A. Kudinova ◽  
O. F. Vaganova
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Leaf Rust ◽  
Puccinia Triticina ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Lr Genes ◽  
Caucasus Region ◽  
Highly Efficient ◽  
The North ◽  
Wheat Rust

Currently, more than 70 wheat rust resistance genes are known, but few of them are effective. The purpose of this work is to screen lines of Lr gene carriers for resistance to leaf rust under conditions of the North Caucasus region. Investigations were carried out in 2016-2018 at the infectious site of VNIIBZR. Research material was 49 near isogenic lines of winter wheat cultivar Thatcher. Infectious material was the combined populations of P. triticina, obtained as a result of route surveys of industrial and breeding crops of winter wheat in the areas of the Krasnodar, Stavropol Territories and the Rostov Region, conducted in 2016-2018. According to the assessment, the genes are ranked as follows: - highly efficient genes (plants with no signs of damage): Lr9, Lr42, Lr43 + 24 and Lr50; effective (1R-5R) Lr genes: 19, 24, 29, 36, 37, 38, 45, 47; moderately effective (10MR-20MR) Lr genes: 17, 18, 21, 22a, 28, 32, 41, 52. The remaining Lr-lines were susceptible to P. triticina (25 MR - 90S) to varying degrees. Highly efficient and effective genes Lr9, Lr19, Lr24, Lr29, Lr38, Lr42, Lr43 + 24, Lr47 and Lr50 showed resistance in the seedling phase and can be recommended for inclusion in breeding programs to protect wheat from leaf rust in different phases of plant ontogenesis in the North Caucasus region.

DISTRIBUTION, DIAGNOSIS AND PATHOGENESIS OF RETROVIRAL INFECTIONS IN THE NORTH CAUCASUS REGION

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 946-954
Author(s):  
Sergey Abakin ◽  
◽  
Vladimir Orobets ◽  
Viktor Zaerko ◽  
Inna Klimanovich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Caucasus ◽  
Caucasus Region ◽  
The North ◽  
Retroviral Infections

Epizootic situation on invasive diseases in the north Caucasus region

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (84) ◽  
pp. 261-265
Author(s):  
Oleg Chernykh ◽  
◽  
Alexander Shevchenko ◽  
Lyudmila Shevchenko ◽  
Yuri Drobin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Caucasus ◽  
Caucasus Region ◽  
The North ◽  
Invasive Diseases

Philanthropy and Income Inequality

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Anderson ◽  
Ing-Haw Cheng ◽  
Harrison Hong
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Tax Policies ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Alternative Models ◽  
Tax Relief ◽  
Bill Gates ◽  
Welfare Implications ◽  
Tax Cuts

Bill Gates recently argued that philanthropy by households at the top of the income distribution might help ameliorate income inequality, and that tax policies should take this into account. Much of the research in economics on giving has been focused on middle-income households, so we know very little about the motives for giving by the very rich. We provide some initial evidence on what drives the giving of the richest Americans. First, we extrapolate anthropological evidence on how status concerns might influence philanthropy. Second, since the richest own a significant amount of equity, we use the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Act of 2003 to see how their giving responded to unanticipated tax cuts, particularly for dividends. Third, we consider the welfare implications of philanthropy as opposed to alternative models for redistributing the wealth of the extremely rich.

scholarly journals Investment Portfolio, Democratic Accountability, Poverty and Income Inequality Nexus in Pakistan: A Way to Social Sustainability

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 6411
Author(s):  
Muhammad Shahid Hassan ◽  
Haider Mahmood ◽  
Muhammad Ibrahim Saeed ◽  
Tarek Tawfik Yousef Alkhateeb ◽  
Noman Arshed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Social Sustainability ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Democratic Accountability ◽  
Investment Portfolio ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
Autoregressive Distributed Lag ◽  
Short Run

Institutions help to streamline the economic activity-related procedures, where government intervention might be involved. Institutions also play a significant role in social sustainability. The findings using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag approach to cointegration for the period from 1984–2019 reveal that investment portfolio and democratic accountability reduce poverty in Pakistan both in the long and short run. Moreover, democratic accountability helps to reduce income inequality, but the investment portfolio’s role is not significant. The literacy rate helps to reduce income inequality, and inflation increases poverty and income inequality. The remittances increase income inequality, and urbanization increases poverty. To eradicate poverty and income inequality, the governments should be accountable for their actions to the general public while they remain in power. If they do not deliver as per their manifestoes, they will not be reelected in the next election. Moreover, there is a dire need to redefine the role of an investment portfolio to reduce the risk of investment. So, investments would increase economic activities and could reduce poverty and income inequality. This study contributes to the literature by inquiring about the role of the investment portfolio and democratic accountability in social sustainability by reducing poverty and income inequality. This study only considers Pakistan’s economy due to limitations of poverty data availability in other countries. The scope could further be broadened by accessing data for a wider Asia region to test the role of the investment portfolio and democratic accountability to reduce poverty and income inequality.

The effects of debt restructurings on income inequality in the developing world

2021 ◽  
pp. 135406612110014
Author(s):  
Glen Biglaiser ◽  
Ronald J. McGauvran
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Government Spending ◽  
Tax Reform ◽  
Social Spending ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Impact

Developing countries, saddled with debts, often prefer investors absorb losses through debt restructurings. By not making full repayments, debtor governments could increase social spending, serving poorer constituents, and, in turn, lowering income inequality. Alternatively, debtor governments could reduce taxes and cut government spending, bolstering the assets of the rich at the expense of the poor. Using panel data for 71 developing countries from 1986 to 2016, we assess the effects of debt restructurings on societal income distribution. Specifically, we study the impact of debt restructurings on social spending, tax reform, and income inequality. We find that countries receiving debt restructurings tend to use their newly acquired economic flexibility to reduce taxes and lower social spending, worsening income inequality. The results are also robust to different model specifications. Our study contributes to the globalization and the poor debate, suggesting the economic harm caused to the less well-off following debt restructurings.

scholarly journals Air Pollution’s Impact on the Economic, Social, Medical, and Industrial Injury Environments in China

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 261
Author(s):  
Zhong Fang ◽  
Pei-Ying Wu ◽  
Yi-Nuo Lin ◽  
Tzu-Han Chang ◽  
Yung-ho Chiu
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Efficiency Score ◽  
High Income ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Safety And Health

In this era of rapid economic development, it is inevitable that economic activities eventually cause serious damage to the environment’s air quality, making it the focus of global public health. If the treatment efficiency of medical accidents can be improved, then this can significantly stabilize society and improve production efficiency. Past research has mainly focused on work safety and health issues, seldom discussing economic, social, medical, and environmental pollution issues together, and, most generally, adopted static methods that fail to recognize how air pollution affects the overall economy, society, medical care, and external environment. In order to more deeply understand the changes among social, economic activities, and environmental issues due to air pollution, this study proposes a meta-two-stage undesirable dynamic DDF (Direction Distance Function) that, under an exogenous model, divides the 30 provinces of China into high-income regions and middle-income regions and explores the economic, social, medical, and environmental efficiencies between the two areas to resolve the lack of related static analyses. The empirical results are as follows. (1) The AQI (air quality index) significantly impacts the efficiency of medical injuries in various regions. (2) When the AQI is considered, the medical insurance expenditure efficiency score value of high-income areas is lower than the value without the AQI. (3) When the AQI is considered, the efficiency value of the number of work injury insurance benefits in the middle-income area is lower than the efficiency value without the AQI.

scholarly journals Spatial Externalities of Income Inequality on Security in Latin America

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 245
Author(s):  
Pablo Ponce ◽  
José Álvarez-García ◽  
Mary Cumbicus ◽  
María de la Cruz del Río-Rama
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Spatial Dependence ◽  
Generalized Least Squares ◽  
Homicide Rate ◽  
World Health ◽  
Control Variables ◽  
Spatial Error ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries

The aim of this research is to analyse the effect of income inequality on the homicide rate. The study is carried out in 18 Latin American countries for the period 2005–2018. The methodology used is the Generalized Least Squares (GLS) model and the data were obtained from World Development Indicators, the World Health Organization and the Inter-American Development Bank. Thus, the dependent variable is the homicide rate and the independent variable is income inequality. In addition, some control variables are included, such as: poverty, urban population rate, unemployment, schooling rate, spending on security and GDP per capita, which improve the consistency of the model. The results obtained through GLS model determine that inequality has a negative and significant effect on the homicide rate for high-income countries (HIC) and lower-middle-income countries (LMIC), whereas it is positive and significant for upper-middle-income countries (UMIC). On the other hand, the control variables show different results by group of countries. In the case of unemployment, it is not significant in any group of countries. Negative spatial dependence was found regarding spatial models such as: the spatial lag (SAR) and spatial error (SEM) method. In the spatial Durbin model (SDM), positive spatial dependence between the variables was corroborated. However, spatial auto-regressive moving average (SARMA) identified no spatial dependence. Under these results it is proposed: to improve productivity, education and improve the efficiency of security-oriented resources.

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