scholarly journals THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FUNCTIONS AND OUTCOMES OF BIOLOGICALLY-INSPIRED DESIGN

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 3091-3100
Author(s):  
Nicklas Werge Svendsen ◽  
Torben Anker Lenau ◽  
Claus Thorp Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Design Problem ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Solution Space ◽  
Biologically Inspired ◽  
Problem Types ◽  
Student Teams ◽  
Data Source ◽  
Biologically Inspired Design ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractResearch in biologically-inspired design (BID) practice often focus on team composition or ideation based on an already discovered fascinating biological solution principle. However, how are the outcome of the early design phases affecting BID projects' quality?In this study, historical data from 91 reports from student teams documenting their BID efforts from a 3-week course constitute the data source. Thus, the relationship between design problem types, function types, functions descriptions and BID projects' quality is addressed.The study show that especially design problem types and function descriptions affect the BID projects' quality. For instance, BID projects dealing with open-ended problems yield better results than redesign problems with existing solutions operating in a very domain-limited solution space. Next, BID projects obtain the best results when using functions as drivers for analogy searching rather than properties. Finally, BID projects with certain function types seem to have more complicated conceptualization phases.

Characteristic Surfaces for Three-Position Function Generation With Planar Four-Bar Mechanisms

1989 ◽  
Vol 111 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Barker ◽  
P.-L. Tso
Keyword(s):  
Design Problem ◽  
Solution Space ◽  
Function Generation ◽  
Numerical Example ◽  
All Solutions ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Generation Problem

This paper considers the relationship between the three-position function-generation problem and the solution space for planar four-bar mechanisms. The two infinities of solutions possible are mapped in a plane to determine the locations where particular types of mechanisms occur. It is possible to generate a contour in the mapping plane which joins together all solutions which possess a common characteristic in regard to their link lengths. This same contour can be displayed in the solution space to ascertain the overall characteristics of potential solutions to the design problem. A numerical example is used for illustrative purposes, but the results can be applied to any three-position function-generation problem.

The Four-Box Method: Problem Formulation and Analogy Evaluation in Biologically Inspired Design

2014 ◽  
Vol 136 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Helms ◽  
Ashok K. Goel
Keyword(s):  
Design Problem ◽  
Problem Formulation ◽  
Biologically Inspired ◽  
Design Problems ◽  
In Situ Observations ◽  
Box Method ◽  
Biologically Inspired Design ◽  
Search Design

Searching for biological analogies appropriate for design problems is a core process of biologically inspired design (BID). Through in situ observations of student BIDs, we discovered that student designers struggle with two issues that bookend the problem of search: design problem formulation, which generates the set of conditions to be used for search; and evaluation of the appropriateness of the retrieved analogies, which depends both on problem formulation and the retrieved analogy. We describe a method for problem formulation and analogy evaluation in BID that we call the Four-Box method. We show that the Four-Box method can be rapidly and accurately used by designers for both problem formulation and analogy evaluation, and that designers find the method valuable for the intended tasks.

The Four-Box Method of Problem Specification and Analogy Evaluation in Biologically Inspired Design

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Helms ◽  
Ashok K. Goel
Keyword(s):  
Design Problem ◽  
Idea Generation ◽  
Performance Criteria ◽  
Biologically Inspired ◽  
Classroom Implementation ◽  
Interdisciplinary Design ◽  
Final Design ◽  
Box Method ◽  
Biologically Inspired Design ◽  
And Performance

The process of biologically inspired design is fundamentally analogical; given a design problem, the process retrieves potentially multiple biological analogues as potential sources of inspiration. The selection of a specific analogue for idea generation naturally has a strong influence on the final design. But what makes one biological analogue better than another for a given design problem? In the context of a classroom on biologically inspired design, we found that interdisciplinary design teams often struggle with this question. In this paper, we describe a Four-Box method that identifies function, operating environment, constraints, and performance criteria as dimensions for matching biological analogues with the design problem. We also present some initial results from a classroom implementation of the Four-Box method of analogy evaluation: The results suggest that the student designers found the Four-Box method both useful and usable.

Characteristic Surfaces for Three Position Function Generation With Planar Four Bar Mechanisms

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Barker ◽  
P.-L. Tso
Keyword(s):  
Design Problem ◽  
Solution Space ◽  
Function Generation ◽  
Numerical Example ◽  
All Solutions ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Generation Problem

Abstract This paper considers the relationship between the three position function generation problem and the solution space for planar four bar mechanisms. The two infinities of solutions possible are mapped in a plane to determine the locations where particular types of mechanisms occur. It is possible to generate a contour in the mapping plane which joins together all solutions which possess a common characteristic in regard to their link lengths. This same contour can be displayed in the solution space to ascertain the overall characteristics of potential solutions to the design problem. A numerical example is used for illustrative purposes, but the results can be applied to any three position function generation problem.

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) of DNA and RNA

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 34-35
Author(s):  
Patricia G. Arscott ◽  
Gil Lee ◽  
Victor A. Bloomfield ◽  
D. Fennell Evans
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structures ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Scanning Tunneling ◽  
Tunneling Microscopy ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
Calf Thymus ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship

STM is one of the most promising techniques available for visualizing the fine details of biomolecular structure. It has been used to map the surface topography of inorganic materials in atomic dimensions, and thus has the resolving power not only to determine the conformation of small molecules but to distinguish site-specific features within a molecule. That level of detail is of critical importance in understanding the relationship between form and function in biological systems. The size, shape, and accessibility of molecular structures can be determined much more accurately by STM than by electron microscopy since no staining, shadowing or labeling with heavy metals is required, and there is no exposure to damaging radiation by electrons. Crystallography and most other physical techniques do not give information about individual molecules.We have obtained striking images of DNA and RNA, using calf thymus DNA and two synthetic polynucleotides, poly(dG-me5dC)·poly(dG-me5dC) and poly(rA)·poly(rU).

The Translation Problem Types in Translating Indonesia Text to English (A Case Study of Translation Subject of Fifth Semester English Students –UPY)

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sujatmiko Sujatmiko
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Method ◽  
English Department ◽  
Problem Types ◽  
Translation Technique ◽  
Data Source ◽  
Word Translation ◽  
Translation Accuracy ◽  
English Students ◽  
Successful Transfer

This research is entitled “The Translation Problem Types in Translating Indonesia textinto English (A Case Study of Translation Subject of Fifth Semester English Department –UPY) . It is about how Indonesia text is translated into English by English students, toidentify the translation problems, and to identify the problematics of translation technique.This research uses qualitative method to analyze the data. Techniques of analyzing datain this research consist of 3 components, they are (1) reducing the data, (2) explaining thedata, and (3) taking a conclusion. Reducing data is a process of selecting, focusing,simplifying and abstracting the data. Explaining the data is a process of organizinginformation and arranging the complete narration. Taking a conclusion is a process ofdrawing conclusion from the data. The data source of this research are Indonesia text andstudent’s translation.After conducting the research, the research find the data that all respondents havesimilar translation problem types in translating Indonesia text into English. The problems arediction, tenses, no equivalence translation; others have problems of adverb, article, andrelative clause. None of respondents apply other translation technique. They only apply wordper word translation technique. The accuracy of transfer level is adequate level. Only onerespondent have almost completely successful transfer level. Other respondents haveadequate accuracy transfer level. By applying the untrue translation technique has an impactto translation accuracy transfer level.This research is expected to open wide opportunities and challenges to academicians,especially those in translation linguistics sphere to deepen their research and study, especiallyin translating Indonesia text to English in order to be a new contribution to the translationfields.

KORESPONDENSI FONEMIS BAHASA SUNDA DAN BAHASA JAWA

IdeBahasa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-132
Author(s):  
Shifa Nur Zakiyah ◽  
Susi Machdalena ◽  
Tb. Ace Fachrullah
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Interview Techniques ◽  
Data Source ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
Linguistic Approach ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Recording Techniques

This article discussed the phonemic correspondence in Sundanese and Javanese using a historical comparative linguistic approach. The problem to be examined in this study is the form of phonemic correspondence in Sundanese and Javanese. The purpose of this study was to determine the phonemic correspondence sets in the comparison between Sundanese and Javanese. The method used in this research to analyze the data is the phonemic correspondence method. The correspondence method is used to find the relationship between languages ​​in the field of language sounds (phonology). Phonemic correspondence is used to determine regular phonemic changes in the languages ​​being compared. Data collection used interview techniques, note techniques and recording techniques. After the data is collected, then the data is classified according to the problem being studied and grouped into more specifics. After that, conclusions will be made based on the results of the data analysis. The data source obtained comes from 200 swadesh vocabularies in Sundanese and Javanese. From 200 swadesh vocabulary data found 49 data included in phonemic correspondence which is divided into 12 correspondence sets. The results of this study include the formation of correspondences in Sundanese and Javanese, namely, (ɛ ~ i) and (i ~ ɛ), (a ~ ɔ) and (ɔ ~ a), (d ~ D), (t ~ T) , (ɤ ~ ə), (b ~ w), (ɔ ~ u) and (ɔ ~ U), (i ~ I), (ø ~ h) and (h ~ ø), (ø ~ m), and (a ~ ə).

Physicianship and the Rebirth of Medical Education

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Donald Boudreau ◽  
Eric Cassell ◽  
Abraham Fuks
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Medical Attention ◽  
Patient Centeredness ◽  
Goals Of Medicine ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
And Function ◽  
William Osler ◽  
The Relationship

This book reimagines medical education and reconstructs its design. It originates from a reappraisal of the goals of medicine and the nature of the relationship between doctor and patient. The educational blueprint outlined is called the “Physicianship Curriculum” and rests on two linchpins. First is a new definition of sickness: Patients know themselves to be ill when they cannot pursue their purposes and goals in life because of impairments in functioning. This perspective represents a bulwark against medical attention shifting from patients to diseases. The curriculum teaches about patients as functional persons, from their anatomy to their social selves, starting in the first days of the educational program and continuing throughout. Their teaching also rests on the rock-solid grounding of medicine in the sciences and scientific understandings of disease and function. The illness definition and knowledge base together create a foundation for authentic patient-centeredness. Second, the training of physicians depends on and culminates in development of a unique professional identity. This is grounded in the historical evolution of the profession, reaching back to Hippocrates. It leads to reformulation of the educational process as clinical apprenticeships and moral mentorships. “Rebirth” in the title suggests that critical ingredients of medical education have previously been articulated. The book argues that the apprenticeship model, as experienced, enriched, taught, and exemplified by William Osler, constitutes a time-honored foundation. Osler’s “natural method of teaching the subject of medicine” is a precursor to the Physicianship Curriculum.

From self-evident norms to contingent couplings: A systems-theoretical analysis of changes in the relationship between schools and the function systems in Denmark

2021 ◽  
pp. 147490412110097
Author(s):  
Niels Åkerstrøm Andersen ◽  
Justine Grønbæk Pors
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Education System ◽  
Teaching Profession ◽  
School Governance ◽  
World Society ◽  
Historical Account ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Point Of Departure

Taking a point of departure in the paradoxical fact that the increase in educational knowledge leads to an increase in uncertainty for educational organisations, this article explores how uncertainty and contingency have increasingly become an integral part of school governance. The article draws on Niklas Luhmann’s theory of ‘World Society’ as a functional differentiated society providing a range of different symbolic media for educational organisations. To trace the increase in the complexity of governing, we provide a historical account of the shifting couplings between schools and function systems. We show how the school becomes linked to an increasing number of symbolic media so that education becomes only one out of many other concerns. The article studies the consequences these shifting couplings have for how schools are governed and how they are expected to self-manage their relationship to different function systems. The article adds to existing studies of how education has become more and more differentiated with the argument that this has also led to new forms of couplings between schools and the education system with a number of important implications for the teaching profession.

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