Efficiency parameters for modern commercial aircraft

2006 ◽  
Vol 110 (1110) ◽  
pp. 495-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Nangia
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Aircraft Design ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Swept Wing ◽  
Commercial Aircraft ◽  
Jet Engine ◽  
Unit Costs ◽  
Fuel Burn ◽  
Civil Aircraft ◽  
Economic Considerations

Abstract Currently, there is great emphasis, worldwide, on environmental issues. This will have an impact on civil aircraft design, manufacture and operation. Since the advent of the jet engine and swept wing aircraft, the trends have naturally tended towards greater productivity through increasing speed and payload. The cruise speed of conventional civil aircraft is unlikely to increase beyond current levels. Further increases in productivity are achieved by increasing payloads. This has led towards larger aircraft with the capability for increased ranges. It is shown that designing aircraft for longer ranges increases fuel burn significantly. A series of aircraft operational parameters have been analysed. Selected data and established trends for current and future aircraft are presented. The data has been interpreted into efficiency terms, relating payload, range, fuel consumed and a measure of unit costs. It is shown that ‘value’ (cost) and noise effective efficiencies decrease dramatically with increasing range. Environmental and economic considerations, in the future, may well demand greater efficiency in preference to productivity. One solution for long-range services is to use short-range hops. Another is via air-to-air refuelling. This will be addressed, in more detail, in a future paper.

Gas Turbine Development— Thirteen and a Half Years in Commercial Aircraft

1964 ◽  
Vol 68 (644) ◽  
pp. 517-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Lovesey
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Turbine Engines ◽  
Commercial Aircraft ◽  
Jet Engine ◽  
Look Back ◽  
Civil Aircraft ◽  
The Future

It is now 13½ years since turbine engines first began airline service with the Dart in the Viscount. It is 11½ years since the de Havilland Ghost jet engine went into airline operation with the Comet. Today there are some 2468 gas-turbined aircraft operating (or on order) on commercial service and it would be interesting to look back over those 13½ years and ask the question, “How do we apply this experience towards meeting the requirements of the future?”I can only speak with first hand knowledge of that part of the operation associated with engines produced by my Company. However, this is a sizeable sample covering over 50 per cent of the “Free-World’s” civil aircraft including propeller turbines, jet and by-pass engines.

‘Greener’ civil aviation using air-to-air refuelling – relating aircraft design efficiency and tanker offload efficiency

2007 ◽  
Vol 111 (1123) ◽  
pp. 589-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Nangia
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Control ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Aircraft Design ◽  
Safety Net ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
Supersonic Transport ◽  
Fuel Savings ◽  
Fuel Burn ◽  
Engine Design ◽  
Civil Aircraft

The aircraft industry, as a whole, is striving to limit its impact on the environment. Improved engine design and operation may offer a reduction in emissions of a few percent. More efficient air traffic control (ATC) may offer a limited reduction in overall fuel burn. Improvements in aerodynamic design and materials available (e.g. on A350XWB, B787) might achieve a few percent increases in efficiencies. The use of alternative fuels is some way off. The ACARE objectives present a stiff challenge. Our recent studies have shown that air-to-air-refuelling (AAR), well established in military circles, introduced to civil aircraft operations would provide fuel savings of the order of 30% – 40%. AAR will allow smaller (3,000nm range), more efficient (greener) aircraft, operating from shorter runways, to fulfil long-range route requirements. In addition, the ‘safety-net’ afforded by the availability of AAR will enable a host of hitherto borderline technologies to be accepted and utilised in future aircraft designs. Laminar flow will provide fuel savings and increased efficiency in its own right provided it is enabled within a civil AAR environment. Similarly, supersonic transport becomes an acceptable economic option.

scholarly journals THE FUTURE OF PASSENGER AIR TRANSPORT – VERY LARGE AIRCRAFT AND OUT KEY HUMAN FACTORS AFFECTING THE OPERATION AND SAFETY OF PASSENGER AIR TRANSPORT

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 104
Author(s):  
Petra Skolilova
Keyword(s):  
Human Factors ◽  
Human Error ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Aircraft Design ◽  
Air Transport ◽  
Final Decision ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Fuel Burn ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Impact

The article outlines some human factors affecting the operation and safety of passenger air transport given the massive increase in the use of the VLA. Decrease of the impact of the CO2 world emissions is one of the key goals for the new aircraft design. The main wave is going to reduce the burned fuel. Therefore, the eco-efficiency engines combined with reasonable economic operation of the aircraft are very important from an aviation perspective. The prediction for the year 2030 says that about 90% of people, which will use long-haul flights to fly between big cities. So, the A380 was designed exactly for this time period, with a focus on the right capacity, right operating cost and right fuel burn per seat. There is no aircraft today with better fuel burn combined with eco-efficiency per seat, than the A380. The very large aircrafts (VLAs) are the future of the commercial passenger aviation. Operating cost versus safety or CO2 emissions versus increasing automation inside the new generation aircraft. Almost 80% of the world aircraft accidents are caused by human error based on wrong action, reaction or final decision of pilots, the catastrophic failures of aircraft systems, or air traffic control errors are not so frequent. So, we are at the beginning of a new age in passenger aviation and the role of the human factor is more important than ever.

Ultra High Bypass Ratio Engine Sizing and Cycle Selection Study for a Subsonic Commercial Aircraft in the N+2 Timeframe

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian K. Kestner ◽  
Jeff S. Schutte ◽  
Jonathan C. Gladin ◽  
Dimitri N. Mavris
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
Direct Drive ◽  
Commercial Aircraft ◽  
Low Pressure Turbine ◽  
Fuel Burn ◽  
Technology Transition ◽  
Fundamental Research ◽  
Bypass Ratio ◽  
Engine Cycle

This paper presents an engine sizing and cycle selection study of ultra high bypass ratio engines applied to a subsonic commercial aircraft in the N+2 (2020) timeframe. NASA has created the Environmentally Responsible Aviation (ERA) project to serve as a technology transition bridge between fundamental research (TRL 1–4) and potential users (TRL 7). Specifically, ERA is focused on subsonic transport technologies that could reach TRL 6 by 2020 and are capable of integration into an advanced vehicle concept that simultaneously meets the ERA project metrics for noise, emissions, and fuel burn. An important variable in exploring the trade space is the selection of the optimal engine cycle for use on the advanced aircraft. In this paper, two specific ultra high bypass engine cycle options will be explored: advanced direct drive and geared turbofan. The advanced direct drive turbofan is an improved version of conventional turbofans. In terms of both bypass ratio and overall pressure ratio, the advanced direct turbofan benefits from improvements in aerodynamic design of its components, as well as material stress and temperature properties. By putting a gear between the fan and the low pressure turbine, a geared turbo fan allows both components to operate at optimal speeds, thus further improving overall cycle efficiency relative to a conventional turbofan. In this study, sensitivity of cycle design with level of technology will be explored, in terms of both cycle parameters (such as specific thrust consumption (TSFC) and bypass ratio) and aircraft mission parameters (such as fuel burn and noise). To demonstrate this sensitivity, engines will be sized for optimal performance on a 300 passenger class aircraft for a 2010 level technology tube and wing airframe, a N+2 level technology tube and wing air-frame, and finally on a N+2 level technology blended wing body airframe with and without boundary layer ingestion (BLI) engines.

scholarly journals DID TECHNOLOGY IMPROVE SAFETY? AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF CONTROLLED FLIGHT INTO TERRAIN ACCIDENTS

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng-Hua Yang ◽  
Alex
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Aviation Safety ◽  
General Aviation ◽  
Flight Safety ◽  
Warning Systems ◽  
Commercial Aircraft ◽  
Mandatory Requirement ◽  
Civil Aircraft ◽  
Technological Improvements

Aviation safety has been affected greatly by technological improvements. A series of Ground Proximity Warning Systems (GPWSs) were developed to prevent accidents during Controlled Flight into Terrain (CFIT). This study analyzed the role of GPWS (or Enhanced GPWS, EGPWS) in flight safety history to determine how effective GPWS/EGPWS was in terms of preventing CFIT. The result showed a substantial increase in CFIT accidents due to the rapid growth of aviation development. This situation improved after the mandatory installation of GPWSs in commercial aircraft. However, the legal requirement did not apply to all general aviation. Most CFIT accidents have involved general aviation aircraft that do not have GPWS/EGPWS installed on board. Thus, the mandatory requirement should apply to all civil aircraft. CFIT accidents have also been reduced considerably in developed countries whereas they remain a major issue in developing countries.

Integration of bill of materials with unified bill of materials model for commercial aircraft design to manufacturing

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 206-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina He ◽  
Yanrong Ni ◽  
Xinguo Ming ◽  
Miao Li ◽  
Xiuzhen Li
Keyword(s):  
Aircraft Design ◽  
Commercial Aircraft ◽  
Bill Of Materials
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