PATTERNS OF SLAVING AND PREY–PREDATOR INTERFACES IN AND AROUND THE MANDARA MOUNTAINS (NIGERIA AND CAMEROON)

Africa ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas David
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Ethnographic Research ◽  
Elastic Demand ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Changing Patterns ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Way

ABSTRACTWhile from the sixteenth to the early twentieth century there was a lasting and elastic demand for slaves in Central Africa, the practices by which they were acquired had to be adapted to the physical and human terrain, the technologies available and the socio-cultural postures of the predator and prey societies. In this paper, I sketch the changing patterns of these variables in six slaving zones in and around the northern Mandara Mountains. Using historical sources, information from the diary of Hamman Yaji, a Fulani chief and active slaver, and data gathered in the course of ethnographic research in three of these zones by myself and colleagues, I show that in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries the extraction of slaves from particular sub-regions within these zones was highly variable, as is evident in the interfaces between the decentralized prey societies and the predatory states. Besides providing fresh perspectives on slaving and evidence for evaluating the constructions of historians, such studies open the way for research on the mutual accommodations to slaving affecting the societies and cultures of both prey and predators.

Raqqa: The Forgotten Excavation of an Islamic Site in Syria by the Ottoman Imperial Museum in the Early Twentieth Century

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayşin Yoltar-Yildirim
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Archaeological Excavation ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Islamic Archaeology ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
The Way

Raqqa, in Syria, was the only Islamic site excavated by the Ottoman Imperial Museum during its existence in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Although the Imperial Museum may not have been searching specifically for an Islamic site of the medieval period to excavate, its response to the plundering of Raqqa, which began as early as 1899, was to pursue an archaeological excavation in a systematic manner. Two campaigns were conducted, under the directorships of Macridy and Haydar Bey, in 1905–6 and 1908 respectively. Although not lasting more than a couple of months, they were relatively important from the perspective of the Imperial Museum and Islamic archaeology at that time. This article focuses on the history of these Raqqa excavations, namely, the reasons the Imperial Museum began excavating there, how it conducted its excavations, and, finally, the finds and the way they were displayed at the Museum. Existing archival documents on the excavation, along with the earliest inventories of the finds in the Imperial Museum and the personal letters of Macridy, all hitherto unpublished, are analyzed in order to shed light on these long forgotten excavations.

Imagining Peaceful Conquest

2020 ◽  
pp. 54-78
Author(s):  
Katherine D. Moran
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Epic Poem ◽  
Late Nineteenth

This chapter focuses on the depiction of Jacques Marquette as a model of civilizing empire. It talks about Marquette's admirers who drew on and transformed historical sources, hagiography, and even anti-Jesuit discourse to depict the Jesuit as a particularly effective civilizer because of his ability to embody gentleness and bravery at the same time, which they often described as his embodiment of both “female” and “male” attributes. The chapter also provides an analysis of the ongoing popularity of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's 1855 epic poem, The Song of Hiawatha. It also argues that some turn-of-the-century Hiawatha readers invoked the poem's Marquette figure as a way to imagine and celebrate their own ongoing attempts at purportedly “peaceful” forms of conquest through the forced assimilation of Native Americans. The chapter ends with a review of the Marquette of late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century commemorations that became a prototypical embodiment of imperial vision of domination without violence.

scholarly journals The Museum of Safety: Responsibility, Awareness and Modernity in New York, 1908–1923

2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 915-938
Author(s):  
ROSS WILSON
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Safety Devices ◽  
The Public ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Detailed Assessment ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Way

This article examines the construction, the development and the denouement of the Museum of Safety in New York during the early twentieth century. Through a detailed assessment of the institution's own bulletin, newspapers and accompanying literature, the manner in which the museum served its visitors, promoted its cause and failed to secure its own future will be examined. The significance of this institution has been overlooked despite the way its role and responsibilities in exhibiting safety devices and procedures to industry, workers and the public reflect important trends within late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century society. The Museum of Safety also emerged as the effects of capitalism, immigration and industrialization began to be addressed. Examining the history of this “lost museum” will, therefore, reveal how responsibility, awareness and modernity were encountered in New York.

Faeries, Aliens, and Leviathans: Science and Fantasy in Ian McDonald's King of Morning, Queen of Day

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 290-303
Author(s):  
Richard Howard
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
National Identity ◽  
Science Fiction ◽  
Science Studies ◽  
Irish Studies ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Politics And Religion ◽  
Unexplored Area ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Cultural Movement

Irish science fiction is a relatively unexplored area for Irish Studies, a situation partially rectified by the publication of Jack Fennell's Irish Science Fiction in 2014. This article aims to continue the conversation begun by Fennell's intervention by analysing the work of Belfast science fiction author Ian McDonald, in particular King of Morning, Queen of Day (1991), the first novel in what McDonald calls his Irish trilogy. The article explores how McDonald's text interrogates the intersection between science, politics, and religion, as well as the cultural movement that was informing a growing sense of a continuous Irish national identity. It draws from the discipline of Science Studies, in particular the work of Nicholas Whyte, who writes of the ways in which science and colonialism interacted in late nineteenth and early twentieth-century Ireland.

Breeding Better Babies in the Eugenic Garden City: ‘Municipal Darwinism’ and the (Anti)Cosmopolitan Utopia in the early Twentieth Century

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Currell
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
City Planning ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Core Beliefs ◽  
Garden City ◽  
New Town ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
National Body ◽  
Practical Level ◽  
The Way

Showing how ‘modernist cosmopolitanism’ coexisted with an anti-cosmopolitan municipal control this essay looks at the way utopian ideals about breeding better humans entered into new town and city planning in the early twentieth century. An experiment in eugenic garden city planning which took place in Strasbourg, France, in the 1920s provided a model for modern planning that was keenly observed by the international eugenics movement as well as city planners. The comparative approach taken in this essay shows that while core beliefs about degeneration and the importance of eugenics to improve the national ‘body’ were often transnational and cosmopolitan, attempts to implement eugenic beliefs on a practical level were shaped by national and regional circumstances that were on many levels anti-cosmopolitan. As a way of assuaging the tensions between the local and the global, as well as the traditional with the modern, this unique and now forgotten experiment in eugenic city planning aimed to show that both preservation and progress could succeed at the same time.

Sed ubi Socrates currit? On the Gettier Problem before Gettier

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Risto Hilpinen
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
True Belief ◽  
Belief System ◽  
Gettier Problem ◽  
Current Belief ◽  
The Future ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Gettier Problem ◽  
The Way ◽  
Forward Looking

Medieval philosophers presented Gettier-type objections to the commonly accepted view of knowledge as firmly held true belief, and formulated additional conditions that meet the objections or analyzed knowledge in a way that is immune to the Gettier-type objections. The proposed conditions can be divided into two kinds: backward-looking conditions and forward-looking conditions. The former concern an inquirer’s current belief system and the way the inquirer acquired her beliefs, the latter refer to what the inquirer may come to learn in the future and how she can respond to objections. Some conditions of knowledge proposed in late nineteenth- and twentieth-century epistemology can be regarded as variants of the conditions put forward by medieval authors.

A Historiographical Interlude

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan D. Teubner
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth

The ‘Historiographical Interlude’ presents a brief overview of the cultural, social, and political changes that occur between Augustine’s death in 430 CE and Boethius’ earliest theological writings (c.501 CE). When Augustine, Boethius, and Benedict are treated together in one unified analysis, several historiographical challenges emerge. This Interlude addresses several of these challenges and argues that trends within late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century scholarship established some unfounded interpretive biases. In particular, this section will discuss the contributions of Adolf von Harnack and Henri Irénée Marrou, focusing on how they contributed, in diverse ways, to the neglect of sixth-century Italy as a significant geographical site in the development of the Augustinian tradition.

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