Changes in body composition relative to weight and maturity in large and small strains of Australian Merino rams 3. Body organs

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 461-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Butterfield ◽  
J. Zamora ◽  
A. M. James ◽  
J. M. Thompson ◽  
K. J. Reddacliff
Keyword(s):  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Large Strain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Small Strain ◽  
Equal Weight ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Mature Size

ABSTRACTMaturing patterns are established for 26 body organs using data from 35 rams of two strains of Merinos of different mature size (97 and 120 kg).The proportion of shorn full live weight represented by each structure at maturity was very similar for all organs except the head, hide and distal limbs which were relatively heavier in the small strain. and small intestine and blood which were relatively heavier in the large strain.All organs were early maturing relative to shorn full live weight except the hide and the penis plus bladder, which matured at the same rate as live weight. The maturity coefficients differed between strains only for the head, thyroid and omasum.Differences in the proportion of live weight comprised by each organ in the two strains were compared at the same shorn full live weight and at the same proportion of mature shorn full live weight. Differences in the various portions of the alimentary tract and other internal organs, with the exception of the kidneys, which were evident in comparisons at the same weight, were reduced when compared at the same proportion of maturity. The difference between strains for head, hide and distal limbs was greater at equal maturity than at equal weight suggesting a functional relationship to body weight rather than to ultimate mature body size.It was concluded in genetic comparisons of animals of different mature size, the most appropriate basis of comparison of relative organ weight will be at the same proportion of mature live weight.

Changes in body composition relative to weight and maturity of Australian Dorset Horn rams and wethers. 1. Carcass muscle, fat and bone and body organs

1984 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Butterfield ◽  
J. Zamora ◽  
J. M. Thompson ◽  
K. J. R. Reddacliff ◽  
D. A. Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Small Difference ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Equal Weight ◽  
Mature Weight ◽  
Using Data

ABSTRACTMaturing patterns of carcass muscle, fat and bone and of body organs were established relative to live weight, using data from 20 Dorset Horn rams and 20 Dorset Horn wethers. The sheep were fed a pelleted ration from soon after weaning and individual sheep of both groups slaughtered at 6-kg increments in live weight from 18 kg to maturity at approx. 100 and 96 kg for the rams and wethers, respectively. This small difference in mature weight was mostly due to the weight of the testes and the increased weight of the head in mature rams.As proportions of live weight, the mature rams had more carcass muscle and bone and less carcass fat than the mature wethers. In the mature animals the body organs in general comprised similar proportions of live weight in the two groups. However the head, hide and blood were proportionately heavier in the mature rams. The liver and alimentary tract were heavier in the mature wethers.The maturing patterns for the three carcass tissues were not different for the two groups. However, many of the body organs matured on different patterns in the rams and wethers.As the mature live weights and the maturing patterns for carcass tissues and some body organs were not different for the two groups, comparisons of the proportions of these tissues in rams and wethers would yield similar conclusions on an equal weight basis, as on the basis of the same proportion of maturity. However, comparisons of the proportions comprised by some body organs need to take account of different maturing patterns, as comparisons at different stages of maturity will each give different answers.

The Further Exploration of Applying Small-Strain and Large-Strain Formulations to SMA

2012 ◽  
Vol 529 ◽  
pp. 228-235
Author(s):  
Jie Yao ◽  
Yong Hong Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transformation ◽  
Constitutive Model ◽  
Uniaxial Tension ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Research Team ◽  
Large Strain ◽  
Small Deformation ◽  
Small Strain ◽  
Proportional Loading ◽  
The Difference

Recently, our research team has been considering to applying shape memory alloys (SMA) constitutive model to analyze the large and small deformation about the SMA materials because of the thermo-dynamics and phase transformation driving force. Accordingly, our team use simulations method to illustrate the characteristics of the model in large strain deformation and small strain deformation when different loading, uniaxial tension, and shear conditions involve in the situations. Furthermore, the simulation result unveils that the difference is nuance concerning the two method based on the uniaxial tension case, while the large deformation and the small deformation results have huge difference based on shear deformation case. This research gives the way to the further research about the constitutive model of SMA, especially in the multitiaxial non-proportional loading aspects.

The effect of plane of nutrition during rearing on growth, production, reproduction and health of dairy cattle. II. Growth to maturity

1960 ◽  
Vol 2 (01) ◽  
pp. 45-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Crichton ◽  
J. N. Aitken ◽  
A. W. Boyne
Keyword(s):  
General Pattern ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Body Dimension ◽  
Continuous Growth ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Growth Production ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mature Size

1. The four systems of rearing dairy heifer calves, described in Part 1 of this series are now studied for their effect on absolute and relative growth rates to maturity.2. Data on live-weights and measurements and the percentages of mature size attained by these at 44, 80, 104, 132, 182, 260 and 312 weeks of age are tabulated.3. In all groups the measurement to reach maturity earliest was circumference of metacarpus followed in order by length of back, height at withers and width of hooks.4. By 6 years of age all groups had attained approximately the same body size. Maturity in the LL group in terms of four skeletal measurements was delayed by only 9 months, and in the case of HL and LH animals by 5 and 4 months respectively.5. All groups showed the same general pattern of relative growth but the effect of restricted feeding was to increase at the younger ages the difference i n percentage of mature size between early and late maturing measurements. After 44 weeks of age the rate of growth was most rapid in those measurements which were furthest from maturity then.6. The rate of tissue deposition was markedly increased in high plane animals during early pregnancy compared with low plane. Evidence is presented to show that much of this was lost during lactation.7. At first oestrus, animals in all four treatment groups had reached the same percentage of mature size for each body dimension (except for length of back in the LL group).8. From data on 5 animals it is shown that although growth in height at withers and length of back ceased by 6 years of age there was slow but continuous growth in live-weight, middle and heart girths and width of hooks to 9 years of age.

Growth and body composition of Omani local sheep 1. Live-weight growth and carcass and non-carcass characteristics

1994 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Mahgoub ◽  
G. A. Lodge
Keyword(s):  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Similar Rate ◽  
Weight Group ◽  
Ewe Lambs ◽  
Weight Growth ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Good Potential ◽  
Ram Lambs ◽  
Omental Fat

AbstractForty-five local Omani ram, wether and ewe lambs were reared from birth until slaughter at 18, 28 or 38 kg live weight (five of each ‘sex’ at each weight group) on an ad libitum concentrate diet and Rhodesgrass hay.Ram lambs grew faster from birth and reached predetermined slaughter weights earlier than wether and ewe lambs. At 28 kg live weight, ram lambs had: heavier heads, feet, reticulo-rumens and livers; higher muscle and bone and lower fat proportions in the carcass; lower muscle: bone and higher muscle: fat ratios; higher proportions of carcass but lower non-carcass fat than had wether and ewe lambs. The head, feet, alimentary tract, liver and heart of Omani sheep grew at a lower rate; the skin grew at a similar rate and the carcass grew at a rate faster than empty body weight (EBW). Relative to EBW, muscle grew at a similar rate, fat faster and bone slower. Both carcass and non-carcass fats grew at a rate higher than that of the growth of EBW, with non-carcass fat growing at a higher rate than that of carcass fat. The growth rate of omental fat was the fastest followed by kidney, mesenteric, subcutaneous, tail, scrotal, intermuscular and pelvic fats respectively.This study demonstrated that Omani sheep have good potential for growth if they are managed and fed satisfactorily. Omani sheep are early maturing for which reason it is recommended that they be slaughtered at lighter weights to avoid higher fat content in the carcass. Castration in Omani sheep is not recommended for production of meat lambs under intensive systems as it resulted in reduced growth rates and deposition of excess fat at lower slaughter weights.

scholarly journals One-Dimensional Large-Strain Nonlinear Consolidation of Overconsolidated Clays with a Threshold Hydraulic Gradient

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuanxun Li ◽  
Jinyang Xiao ◽  
Yang Yang ◽  
Wenbing Wu
Keyword(s):  
Large Strain ◽  
Small Strain ◽  
Differential Method ◽  
Hydraulic Gradient ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Preconsolidation Pressure ◽  
Overconsolidated Clays ◽  
Consolidation Rate ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Final Settlement

The existence of the threshold hydraulic gradient in clays under a low hydraulic gradient has been recognized by many studies. Meanwhile, most nature clays to some extent exist in an overconsolidated state more or less. However, the consolidation theory of overconsolidated clays with the threshold hydraulic gradient has been rarely reported in the literature. In this paper, a one-dimensional large-strain consolidation model of overconsolidated clays with consideration of the threshold hydraulic gradient is developed, and the finite differential method is adopted to obtain solutions for this model. The influence of the threshold hydraulic gradient and the preconsolidation pressure of overconsolidated clay on consolidation behavior is investigated. The consolidation rate under large-strain supposition is faster than that under small-strain supposition, and the difference in the consolidation rate between different geometric suppositions increases with an increase in the threshold hydraulic gradient and a decrease in the preconsolidation pressure. If Darcy’s law is valid, the final settlement of overconsolidated clays under large-strain supposition is the same as that under small-strain supposition. For the existence of the threshold hydraulic gradient, the final settlement of the clay layer with large-strain supposition is greater than that with small-strain supposition.

Changes in body composition relative to weight and maturity in large and small strains of Australian Merino rams 1. Muscle, bone and fat

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Butterfield ◽  
D. A. Griffiths ◽  
J. M. Thompson ◽  
J. Zamora ◽  
A. M. James
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Small Strains ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Mature Size ◽  
Australian Merino

ABSTRACTMaturing patterns of carcass muscle, bone and fat were established using dissection data from 20 large mature size strain and 19 small mature size strain Merino rams. The rams were fed a pelleted ration soon after weaning and individual rams from both strains slaughtered at 6 kg increments in live weight from 18 kg to maturity at 116 and 91 kg for the large and small strains respectively.Composition of mature rams of both strains was similar for the proportion of muscle and bone but there was a slightly greater proportion of fat in the larger strain.The progress of each carcass tissue to maturity was assessed relative to progress of shorn full live weight to maturity. Maturing patterns of the three carcass tissues were not significantly different in the two strains. Muscle and bone were early maturing relative to live weight and fat late maturing.The composition of the large and small mature size strains at the same live weight and at the same proportion of maturity was predicted from the maturity patterns of the carcass tissues and the composition of the mature rams. At the same live weight the large mature size strain had a greater proportion of bone and a smaller proportion of fat than the small mature size strain. At the same proportion of mature live weight, differences between the strains in proportional composition were reduced, and the large mature size strain had slightly more fat.Some guidelines for comparison of strains of animals of different mature size are developed.

Effect of breed type, sex and method of rearing on lifetime performance and carcass composition in a 20-month beef system: effects of winter feeding treatments

1994 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. G. Lowman ◽  
E. A. Hunter ◽  
C. E. Hinks ◽  
M. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation ◽  
System A ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Main Production ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Winter Feeding

AbstractIn the winter feeding phase of a lifetime study of spring-born cattle managed in a 20-month beef system, a total of four feeding treatments were imposed by increasing the level of concentrate supplement offered with ad libitum grass silage. The objective was to achieve a difference in live weight at the end of the winter of about 25 kg between food treatments. A multifactorial design was used with three animal factors — maturity (early maturing Hereford crosses v. late maturing Charolais crosses), sex (heifer v. steer) and method of rearing (suckled calves v. bucket-reared calves).There were no significant differences between breeds but highly significant (P < 0·001) differences for method of rearing and sex. As a consequence live-weight differences at the end of the winter between breed types (18 kg) were less than the difference between the sexes (23 kg) and for method of rearing (25 kg) although all were highly significant. Although suckled animals had significantly lower growth rates they were still significantly fatter at the end of the winter as were heifers and Hereford crosses. Differences in dry-matter intake were reflected in growth rate.Plane of winter nutrition had a highly significant effect (P < 0·001) on live weight and condition score at the end of the winter resulting in increments of about 23 kg and 0·12 units of condition for each level of feeding.Interactions between the main production variables were not significant with the exception of feeding level and method of rearing. Suckled animals showed a significant (Y < 0·001) reduction in winter gain (proportionately 0·85 for that of bucket-reared animals) when offered the same diet. This reduction ranged proportionately between 0·25 and 0·08 for the lowest and highest daily levels of concentrate supplementation respectively. An extra 1 kg concentrates per day was required for suckled animals to achieve similar live-weight gains to bucket-reared animals.

The post-natal growth of the visceral organs of the lamb Part II. The effect of diet on growth rate, with particular reference to the parts of the alimentary tract

1960 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. D. Wardrop
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Visceral Organs ◽  
Milk Feeding

1. A study was made of the effects of diet on the growth of the internal organs, and in particular the four stomachs of lambs.2. A total of twenty-three lambs was reared from birth on various diets ranging from all milk to small amounts of milk and roughage ad lib. The lambs were slaughtered at various ages and the fresh wet weights of the parts of the alimentary tract and the other internal organs were recorded.3. The growth rates of the four stomachs were influenced by the plane of nutrition, however, the type rather than the plane of nutrition was more important in determining the weights of the stomachs relative to each other and to live weight.4. Lambs fed solely milk from birth had the development of their fore-stomachs retarded at about the level found in the 3-week-old grazing lamb. The abomasums of these lambs were abnormally heavy.5. The rumens and reticulums, which were retarded in their growth by milk feeding, reached normal proportions very quickly once roughage was fed.

The Research of the Difference between Small-Strain and Large-Strain Formulations for Shape Memory Alloys

2012 ◽  
Vol 229-231 ◽  
pp. 3-9
Author(s):  
Jie Yao ◽  
Young Hong Zhu ◽  
Yun Zhang Wu
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transformation ◽  
Constitutive Model ◽  
Shape Memory ◽  
Uniaxial Tension ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Large Strain ◽  
Small Deformation ◽  
Small Strain ◽  
Proportional Loading ◽  
The Difference

Based on thermodynamics and phase transformation driving force, we apply a SMA constitutive model to analyze the large and small deformation of SMA materials. Simulations under different loading, uniaxial tension and shear conditions, illustrate the characteristics of the model in large strain deformation and small strain deformation. The results indicate that the difference between the two methods is small under the uniaxial tension case, while the large deformation and the small deformation results are very different under shear deformation case. It lays a foundation for the further studies of the constitutive model of SMA, especially in the multiaxial non-proportional loading aspects.

A comparison of the body size, fleece weight and maternal performance of five breeds of sheep kept in one environment

1967 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Wiener
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Maternal Performance ◽  
Fleece Weight ◽  
Mature Size ◽  
Female Sheep ◽  
Better Than

Female sheep of five breeds (Scottish Blackface (B), South Country Cheviot (C), Welsh Mountain (W), Lincoln Longwool (L), and Southdown (S)) were purchased as lambs of 5–6 months old and subsequently kept as a single flock on a grassland farm until they were 4½ years old (Southdowns to 3½ years). The sheep were used in a crossbreeding experiment with up to six breeds of ram.The sheep were weighed and 8 body parts measured at frequent and regular intervals. The Blackfaces and Southdowns grew, relative to their mature size, a little faster initially than the Cheviots. Mature weights (lb.) were approximately B: 146, C: 145, W: 101, L: 197 and S: 129. The breeds differed in conformation but the order of maturity of the body parts was the same for each breed. Variances for body measurements decreased slightly with increasing age for early-maturing parts and increased a little for later parts. The coefficients of variation decreased slightly with increasing age. Variance in weight increased markedly with age (but not the C.V.) and showed the only large breed differences in variance.Fleece weight, after the first shearing, was strongly affected by the amount of wool shed prior to shearing. Shedding differed significantly between the breeds, Cheviots shedding most. Shedding was also related to the number of lambs born per ewe. The total weights (lb.) of wool produced from four shearings were B: 23·2, C: 20·0, W: 15·6, L: 55·5 and S (estimated from 3 shearings): 20·8.The numbers of lambs born per ewe totalled over three lamb crops were B: 5·81, C: 5·21, W: 4·53, L: 4·85 and S (estimated from two crops): 4·55. In survival to weaning, single-born lambs were no better than twins and crossbred lambs no better than purebred. Lambs born to Welsh mothers had the best survival; the other breeds did not differ significantly from each other. The breeds of ewe differed in the proportions of their twin lambs which had to be assisted at, or soon after, birth.When each breed of ewe was mated to the same breeds of ram, the weights of lambs born to Blackface mothers did not differ significantly at birth from those of lambs born to Cheviots but were heavier at weaning. Lambs from Welsh mothers were the lightest at birth and weaning.In relation to (live-weight)0·73 the maternal performance of the Welsh females was at least as good as that of the Blackfaces but the wool production was slightly poorer.

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