Amino acid and energy interactions in growing pigs 2. Effects of food intake, sex and live weight on responses to lysine concentration in barley-based diets

1986 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. R. Giles ◽  
E. S. Batterham ◽  
E. Belinda Dettmann
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Growth Phases ◽  
Lysine Concentration ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Entire Male

ABSTRACTThe responses of growing pigs to dietary lysine concentration, as influenced by food intake, sex (entire male and female) and live weight were investigated in an experiment involving 128 pigs. The basal barley-soya-bean diet (14·2 MJ digestible energy (DE) per kg) was offered either ad libitum or according t o a restricted feeding scale to both sexes from 20 to 85 kg live weight. The eight dietary lysine concentrations ranged from 8·0 to 12·2 g/kg during the 20 to 50 kg phase and from 6·4 to 9·8 g/kg during the 50 to 85 kg live-weight phase. Performance was assessed by response-surface analysis based on data from successive 10-kg live-weight intervals. Regression analysis was used to assess the response of carcass lean content after slaughter at 85 kg live weight.Daily gain of females fed ad libitum was curvilinear up to maxima of 0·72 and 0·69 g lysine per MJ DE during the 20 to 50 and 50 to 85 kg growth phases respectively. Daily gain response was small but linear up to the maximum dietary lysine concentration for all other combinations of sex and food intake.The response of carcass lean for males given food at a restricted level was linear up to the maximum dietary lysine concentration. For males given food ad libitum, carcass lean response was curvilinear with maximum lean content attained with 0·73 and 0·59 g lysine per MJ DE during the 20 to 50 and 50 to 85 kg live-weight phases respectively. Carcass lean content of females was not affected by lysine concentration within the range used.

Amino acid and energy interactions in growing pigs 1. Effects of food intake, sex and live weight on the responses of growing pigs to lysine concentration

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Batterham ◽  
L. R. Giles ◽  
E. Belinda Dettmann
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Response Surfaces ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Large White ◽  
Lysine Concentration ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Daily Gain

ABSTRACTThe responses of growing pigs to dietary lysine concentration, as influenced by food intake, sex (intact males and females) and live weight were investigated in a 4 x 2 x 2 x 2 factorial experiment involving 128 Large White pigs. Lysine concentrations were 7, 8, 9 and 10 g/kg air-dry food. The basal wheat-soya bean meal diet (14·0 MJ digestible energy per kg) was offered either ad libitum or on a restricted feeding scale to pigs from 20 to 85 kg live weight. During the 50 to 85 kg growth phase, the effects of proportionately reducing the lysine concentrations by 0·2 were investigated. Performance response was assessed in two ways; by analysis of variance for the 20 to 50, 50 to 85 and 20 to 85 kg phases, and by response surface analyses of data from successive 10-kg weight intervals.An initial analysis of variance indicated that food intake (of pigs fed ad libitum), daily gain and food conversion ratio varied with lysine concentration, but that the responses differed with food intake, sex and phase of growth.Analysis of the response surfaces delineated by lysine level and phase of growth indicated that for males and females with restricted food and males fed ad libitum, maximum daily gain was produced by feeding at least 10 g lysine per kg, declining to about 8 g/kg at 80 kg. With females fed ad libitum, maximum daily gain was obtained by feeding 9·9 g lysine per kg at 20 kg, declining to less than 5·6 g/kg at 75 kg.Carcass characteristics were largely unaffected by lysine concentration.

Amino acid and energy interactions in growing pigs. 3. Effects of sex and live weight and cereal on the responses to dietary lysine concentration when fed ad libitum or to a restricted food scale on diets based on wheat or barley

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 493-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. R. Giles ◽  
E. S. Batterham ◽  
E. Belinda Dettmann ◽  
R. F. Lowe
Keyword(s):  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Protein Retention ◽  
Lysine Concentration ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Daily Gain

ABSTRACTThe responses of growing pigs to dietary lysine as influenced by sex (male and female) and cereal (barley and wheat) were investigated in an 8 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment involving 128 pigs. The basal barley-soya bean (13·4 MJ digestible energy (DE) per kg) and wheat-soya bean (14·1 MJ DE per kg) diets were offered ad libitum from 20 to 50 kg live weight. The eight dietary lysine concentrations were 70 to 140 g/kg in increments of 1·0 g/kg. The experiment was repeated with pigs given food according to a restricted scale. Performance in both experiments was assessed by multiple regression analysis based on data from successive 10-kg live-weight intervals. Analysis of variance was used to assess chemical carcass composition and retention of protein and fat after slaughter at 50 kg live weight.Average daily DE intake (MJ) of pigs fed ad libitum was not significantly different for barley-based (27·4) and wheat-based diets (29·1). For pigs fed on a restricted scale, average daily DE intake was 18 MJ for barley-based and 17·5 MJ for wheat-based diets. The daily energy retained in the empty carcass, expressed as a proportion of daily DE intake, was proportionately 0·08 less for barley-based than for wheat-based diets irrespective of whether food was offered ad libitum (0·347 v. 0·379) or restricted (0·311 v. 0·337).The average daily gain of females fed ad libitum was not affected by dietary lysine concentration. With males, the response of daily gain to lysine concentration was curvilinear, increasing to a maximum of 120 g dietary lysine per kg up to 40·3 kg and 7·0 g/kg at greater weights for both cereals. For pigs fed on a restricted scale the daily gain on barley diets increased linearly up to the maximum dietary lysine concentration (14 g/kg), while for those on wheat-based diets maximum daily gain occurred with a lysine concentration of 11·2 g/kg for males and 131 g/kg for females. Carcass P2 backfat (mean = 15·4 mm), carcass fat proportion (mean = 242 g/kg) and carcass protein retention (mean = 89 g/day) were not significantly affected by dietary lysine concentration from 7 to 14 g/kg when pigs were fed ad libitum. However, when pigs were fed at a restricted level carcass fatness decreased to a minimum at 12 g lysine per kg.

Daily gain, food intake and food efficiency in pigs during the growing period

1990 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 353-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Kanis ◽  
W. J. Koops
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Food Efficiency ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Predicted Values ◽  
Daily Gain

ABSTRACTThe non-linear model y = ae(−hW−c/W) was fitted to weekly calculated daily gain (DG), daily food intake (FI) and food efficiency (FE) of 653 barrows and gilts fed ad libitum or restrictedly during a growing period from 27 to 108 kg live weight. Where y was DG, FI or FE, W was live weight and a, b and c were parameters. The model fitted well to the expected course of the traits, with an accuracy similar to that of quadratic polynomials. Parameters for one trait could simply be derived from the parameters for the other two traits. For each trait, four basic patterns were distinguished, depending on the signs of b and c. Curves with a maximum (b > 0 and c > 0) occurred most frequently. In cases of curves with a maximum, the model could be reparameterized to a model with parameters having a simple biological meaning.Coefficients of determination in barrows averaged 0·29 for DG, 0·88 for FI and 0·45 for FE, whereas these values were somewhat lower in gilts. With ad libitum feeding, a DG curve with a maximum was fitted in proportionately 0·83 of the barrows and 0·61 of the gilts. The maximum DG was on average at live weights of 64 kg for barrows and 77 kg for gilts. A maximum in the FI curve was predicted in proportionately 0·60 of the barrows and 0·39 of the gilts. Curves for DG and FI in gilts were less curvilinear than in barrows. FE curves, with ad libitum feeding, had a maximum in proportionately 0·59 of the barrows and 0·52 of the gilts. This predicted maximum FE was, on average, before the start of the growing period. Gilts had a higher FE than barrows from 35 kg body weight onwards, and the difference increased with increasing live weight. Differences in FE between ad libitum and restricted feeding were small, with a tendency for animals fed at a restricted feeding level to be more efficient at the end of the growing period.Average FE curves and individual FI or DG curves were used for indirect prediction of individual DG or FI curves, respectively. The correlation between directly and indirectly predicted values of DG and FI at live weights of 30, 65 or 100 kg was about 0·7 in ad libitum fed barrows and gilts, and greater than 0·8 in pigs fed at a restricted level. This indicates that the model is suitable to predict and control the course of individual daily gain by influencing the course of food intake.

Effect of food intake capacity on production traits in growing pigs with restricted feeding

1990 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 333-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Kanis
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Fatty Tissue ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Lean Tissue ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Tissue Proportion ◽  
Daily Gain

ABSTRACTEffects of food intake (FI) and ad libitum food intake capacity (FIC) were investigated in 438 pigs fed in seven batches. Batches 1 to 6 consisted of barrows and batch 7 of gilts. Restrictedly fed animals had one to three ad libitum fed litter mates. In batches 6 and 7, animals were fed ad libitum until 48 kg live weight. Thereafter, two-thirds of the animals were fed according to a fixed weight scale. FIC is considered as a trait of the animal, independent of its actual FI. With ad libitum feeding FIC can be measured directly, with restricted feeding FIC has to be estimated.Two methods of estimating average FIC from about 27 to 107 kg live weight were applied. The first method consisted of assigning to each restrictedly fed animal the average FI of one to three ad libitum fed litter mates. The second method was applied in batches 6 and 7 only and consisted of estimating FIC with multiple regression based on individual 'ad libitum performance' in the first part of the growing period.Effects of FI and FIC on daily gain, food conversion ratio, backfat thickness, lean tissue proportion, fatty tissue proportion, lean tissue growth rate, fatty tissue growth rate and lean tissue food conversion were investigated. FI had significant effects on each trait, except on lean tissue food conversion. FIC had significant effects on body composition traits, but not on daily gain and food conversion ratio.Irrespective of the method used to estimate FIC, results showed that animals with a higher FIC produced more fat and less lean from the same amount of food than animals with a lower FIC. It was suggested that the partition of food energy between energy for maintenance, protein deposition and fat deposition is associated with FIC. The findings confirmed that selection for leaner and more efficient pigs may result in animals with lower FIC, irrespective of the feeding regimen during performance testing.

Effect of food intake capacity on genotype by feeding regimen interactions in growing pigs

1990 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Kanis
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Fatty Tissue ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Feeding Regimen ◽  
Ad Libitum

ABSTRACTFrom each of 159 litters, between one and three pigs were fed ad libitum and between one and four pigs were fed at several restricted feeding levels from about 27 to 107 kg live weight. Effects of litter by feeding regimen (ad libitumv. restricted feeding) interactions (L × F) and sex by feeding regimen interactions (S × F) on production traits were investigated. In experimental groups where restrictedly fed animals received an amount of food based on their estimated voluntary food intake capacity (FIC), interactions were non-significant. In groups where restricted feeding was independent of FIC, significant L × F or S × F interactions were found for daily food intake (FI), daily gain, lean tissue growth rate and fatty tissue growth rate, but not for body composition and food conversion traits.Because of between-animal variation in FIC, restricted feeding according to a fixed scale restricted intake of some animals to a higher degree than others and degree of food intake restriction (DFR) was calculated from actual FI and FIC for animals fed at a restricted level. After correction of FI and production traits of restrictedly fed animals for differences in DFR, L × F and S × F interactions were not significant.It was concluded that the poor relationships often found between test-station results of boars and results of their progeny in practical environments may be caused, to an important extent, by differences in DFR in each environment. To overcome these genotype by environment interactions it is recommended that animals be fed ad libitum in both test and commercial environments.

The response of early-weaned piglets to various levels of lysine in diets of moderate energy content

1982 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Rogerson ◽  
R. G. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Moderate Energy ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Entire Male

ABSTRACTThirty entire male piglets weaned at 21 days of age were used to study the effects of two levels of dietary protein (178 and 194g/kg), each in combination with five levels of supplemental lysine (0, 1·5, 3·0, 4·5 and 6·0g/kg), in diets given ad libitum and containing 14 MJ digestible energy per kg, on performance from 6 to 20 kg live weight.Raising total lysine from 7·2 to 8·7 g/kg diet with 178 g crude protein per kg promoted significant increases in average daily gain, efficiency of food conversion and voluntary food intake, and raised all these parameters to levels exhibited by piglets receiving the basal diet containing 194 g crude protein per kg (8·7 g total lysine per kg).Lysine supplementation of the diet containing 194g crude protein per kg had no effect on growth performance or food intake.Carcass characteristics at 20 kg live weight were not significantly affected by either dietary crude protein or total lysine (P> 005).

Dietary protein content and the subsequent body composition and food intake of pigs

1978 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Wyllie ◽  
J. B. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Lean Tissue ◽  
Large White ◽  
Lower Protein ◽  
Daily Gain

SUMMARYForty Large White × Wessex pigs were fed from 7 to 27 kg live weight, on diets containing either 28 or 14% crude protein. From 27 to 113 kg live weight the pigs were fed a common diet ad libitum. Pigs from each treatment were killed at 27, 54, 82 and 113 kg live weight and the chemical composition was determined. From 7 to 27 kg and from 27 to 113 kg live weight, daily gain, food intake and food conversion efficiency were similar for the two treatments.At 27 kg, pigs on the lower protein diet were fatter and contained less lean tissue. Between 27 and 54 kg live weight the pigs previously on the higher protein diet deposited a much greater amount of fat than the pigs on the lower protein diet, so that by 54 kg the pigs initially on the lower protein contained less fat. At 82 and 113 kg live weight the pigs given the lower protein diet initially also tended to contain less fat. These findings are discussed with particular reference to the voluntary energy intake of growing pigs.

Effects of single-space feeder design on feeding behaviour and performance of growing pigs

1995 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 575-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. Nielsen ◽  
A. B. Lawrence ◽  
C. T. Whittemore
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Length Standard ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Low Head ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Entire Male

AbstractComputerized food intake recording systems of various designs are used by research, centres and breeding companies to monitor the individual food intake of pigs kept in groups. In the present experiment, three feeder designs are compared in order to estimate the effect on performance and feeding behaviour. Ninety entire male pigs (34 (s.e. 0·6) kg) were allocated in three replicates to pens of 10 pigs; each pen containing one of three different feeder entrance designs: low (head-guard), medium (full-length standard race), and high (enclosed pneumatic race) protection against disturbance of the feeding pig. No significant differences were found between treatments in daily food intake, daily live-weight gain, food conversion ratio, number of visits per day and daily feeder occupation. Pigs with access to an enclosed race had longer visits than pigs on the two other treatments, and they also ate more per visit (4·8, 4·8 and 6·2 (s.e.d. = 0·37) min per visit; 172, 157, and 202 (s.e.d. = 11·1) g per visit; means of low, medium and high protection, respectively). The enclosed race was not only the most protective, it was also the most difficult to enter, and this decreased accessibility of the food may have given rise to the changed feeding pattern displayed by pigs using this type of race. Access to a feeder with low protection resulted in a faster rate of eating (36·9, 33·2, and 32·8 (s.e.d. = 0·82) g/min; means of low, medium and high protection, respectively) indicative of a more forced feeding behaviour.

Genetic aspects of voluntary food intake in the pig and their association with gain and food conversion efficiency

1979 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Wyllie ◽  
J. R. Morton ◽  
J. B. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
Phenotypic Correlation ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Variable Size ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Voluntary Food Intake

ABSTRACTData from 1357 boars ad libitum fed on a performance testing scheme were analysed to explore the genetic aspects of voluntary food intake. The heritabilities of food intake, daily gain and food/gain were found to be 0·23, 0·41 and 0·18 respectively. The correlations obtained between gain and intake of 0·63 (phenotypic) and 0·89 (genetic) were typical of those reported for ad libitum feeding but greater than those reported for semi-restricted. Estimates of genetic correlation between gain and efficiency ranged from 0·64 to zero and for the phenotypic correlation from 0·44 to zero and were smaller than those reported for restricted feeding. Correlations between intake and efficiency were highly negative on the phenotypic level but small and of variable size genetically, in contrast to reports of small phenotypic and positive genetic correlations under restriction.

Influence of diurnally fluctuating high temperature on growth and energy retention of growing pigs

1988 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 467-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. R. Giles ◽  
E. Belinda Dettmann ◽  
R. F. Lowe
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Backfat Thickness ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Two Temperatures ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Body Energy ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract The effects of two temperatures (thermoneutral, 22°C v. fluctuating high temperature, 35·22°C), four food levels (ad libitum and three levels of food restriction) on growth and energy retention of growing pigs (male and female) was investigated in a 2 × 2 × 4 factorial experiment involving 48 individually penned pigs from 20 to 50 kg live weight. A second experiment was conducted over the 50 to 80 kg liveweight range using a 2 × 2 × 3 design.Mean daily digestible energy (DE) intake, daily gain, P2 backfat thickness, carcass fat proportion, total body energy retained and body energy retained as protein did not differ significantly between the temperature treatments in either experiment. Mean carcass protein proportion was greater at 35·22°C than at a constant 22°C.With pigs given food ad libitum during the 50 to 80 kg phase, an increase in temperature from 22°C to 35·22° reduced daily DE intake by 4·1 MJ (38·9 v. 34·8 MJ or 300 g food per day), reduced energy retention by 2·3 MJ/day (15·6 v. 13·3 MJ/day), and increased carcass protein proportion by 11 g/kg (142 v. 153 g/kg).There was a significant interaction between the effects of sex and temperature on P2 backfat thickness over both live-weight ranges. Female pigs housed at 35·22°C had 2·6 mm less P2 backfat at 50 kg (13 v. 15·6 mm) and 2 mm less at 80 kg (20 v. 22 mm) compared with females housed at 22°C. The P2 backfat thickness of male pigs did not vary at 50 kg (13·2 v. 13·5 mm) but when housed at 35·22°C males had 1·4 mm more P2 backfat at 80 kg (18·2 v. 19·6 mm).

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