Dietary protein content and the subsequent body composition and food intake of pigs

1978 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Wyllie ◽  
J. B. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Lean Tissue ◽  
Large White ◽  
Lower Protein ◽  
Daily Gain

SUMMARYForty Large White × Wessex pigs were fed from 7 to 27 kg live weight, on diets containing either 28 or 14% crude protein. From 27 to 113 kg live weight the pigs were fed a common diet ad libitum. Pigs from each treatment were killed at 27, 54, 82 and 113 kg live weight and the chemical composition was determined. From 7 to 27 kg and from 27 to 113 kg live weight, daily gain, food intake and food conversion efficiency were similar for the two treatments.At 27 kg, pigs on the lower protein diet were fatter and contained less lean tissue. Between 27 and 54 kg live weight the pigs previously on the higher protein diet deposited a much greater amount of fat than the pigs on the lower protein diet, so that by 54 kg the pigs initially on the lower protein contained less fat. At 82 and 113 kg live weight the pigs given the lower protein diet initially also tended to contain less fat. These findings are discussed with particular reference to the voluntary energy intake of growing pigs.

Amino acid and energy interactions in growing pigs 1. Effects of food intake, sex and live weight on the responses of growing pigs to lysine concentration

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Batterham ◽  
L. R. Giles ◽  
E. Belinda Dettmann
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Response Surfaces ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Large White ◽  
Lysine Concentration ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Daily Gain

ABSTRACTThe responses of growing pigs to dietary lysine concentration, as influenced by food intake, sex (intact males and females) and live weight were investigated in a 4 x 2 x 2 x 2 factorial experiment involving 128 Large White pigs. Lysine concentrations were 7, 8, 9 and 10 g/kg air-dry food. The basal wheat-soya bean meal diet (14·0 MJ digestible energy per kg) was offered either ad libitum or on a restricted feeding scale to pigs from 20 to 85 kg live weight. During the 50 to 85 kg growth phase, the effects of proportionately reducing the lysine concentrations by 0·2 were investigated. Performance response was assessed in two ways; by analysis of variance for the 20 to 50, 50 to 85 and 20 to 85 kg phases, and by response surface analyses of data from successive 10-kg weight intervals.An initial analysis of variance indicated that food intake (of pigs fed ad libitum), daily gain and food conversion ratio varied with lysine concentration, but that the responses differed with food intake, sex and phase of growth.Analysis of the response surfaces delineated by lysine level and phase of growth indicated that for males and females with restricted food and males fed ad libitum, maximum daily gain was produced by feeding at least 10 g lysine per kg, declining to about 8 g/kg at 80 kg. With females fed ad libitum, maximum daily gain was obtained by feeding 9·9 g lysine per kg at 20 kg, declining to less than 5·6 g/kg at 75 kg.Carcass characteristics were largely unaffected by lysine concentration.

Effect of food intake capacity on production traits in growing pigs with restricted feeding

1990 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 333-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Kanis
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Fatty Tissue ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Lean Tissue ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Tissue Proportion ◽  
Daily Gain

ABSTRACTEffects of food intake (FI) and ad libitum food intake capacity (FIC) were investigated in 438 pigs fed in seven batches. Batches 1 to 6 consisted of barrows and batch 7 of gilts. Restrictedly fed animals had one to three ad libitum fed litter mates. In batches 6 and 7, animals were fed ad libitum until 48 kg live weight. Thereafter, two-thirds of the animals were fed according to a fixed weight scale. FIC is considered as a trait of the animal, independent of its actual FI. With ad libitum feeding FIC can be measured directly, with restricted feeding FIC has to be estimated.Two methods of estimating average FIC from about 27 to 107 kg live weight were applied. The first method consisted of assigning to each restrictedly fed animal the average FI of one to three ad libitum fed litter mates. The second method was applied in batches 6 and 7 only and consisted of estimating FIC with multiple regression based on individual 'ad libitum performance' in the first part of the growing period.Effects of FI and FIC on daily gain, food conversion ratio, backfat thickness, lean tissue proportion, fatty tissue proportion, lean tissue growth rate, fatty tissue growth rate and lean tissue food conversion were investigated. FI had significant effects on each trait, except on lean tissue food conversion. FIC had significant effects on body composition traits, but not on daily gain and food conversion ratio.Irrespective of the method used to estimate FIC, results showed that animals with a higher FIC produced more fat and less lean from the same amount of food than animals with a lower FIC. It was suggested that the partition of food energy between energy for maintenance, protein deposition and fat deposition is associated with FIC. The findings confirmed that selection for leaner and more efficient pigs may result in animals with lower FIC, irrespective of the feeding regimen during performance testing.

Growth performance and carcass traits of Large White, Mukota and Large White ✕ Mukota F1crosses given graded levels of maize cob meal

2004 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. T. Kanengoni ◽  
K. Dzama ◽  
M. Chimonyo ◽  
J. Kusina ◽  
S. M. Maswaure
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Backfat Thickness ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Large White ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Maize Cob ◽  
Rate Of Decline ◽  
Daily Gain

AbstractA study was conducted to compare the performance of Mukota, Large White (LW) and LW ✕ Mukota F1pigs given increasing levels of maize cob meal. Sixteen female weaners of each genotype were given, ad libitum, diets containing 0, 100, 200 and 300 g maize cob meal per kg of diet for 14 weeks. The diets were designed to contain similar levels of protein (ca. 160 g crude protein per kg) and energy (ca. 9 MJ metabolizable energy per kg). Average daily food intake per unit metabolic body weight (ADFI per kg M0·75), average daily gain (ADG) and food conversion ratio (FCR) were determined. The pigs were slaughtered and cold dressed mass (CDM) and backfat thickness were determined for each pig. The ADFI per kg M0·75was similar among the four diets for the three genotypes. The rate of decline in ADG was higher (P < 0·05) in the LW than in the other two genotypes. The FCR in the Mukota was poorer (P < 0·05) than that in the LW and the F1crosses. The Mukota had the highest (P < 0·05) backfat thickness (K5 and K7·5) values of the three genotypes across the four diets, followed by the F1crosses. The CDM values for the LW and the F1crosses were similar and were higher (P < 0·05) than those for the Mukota. The findings indicate that F1crosses and the Mukota were better able to utilize diets containing high levels of maize cob meal than LW pigs.

Determination of the optimum crude protein requirement of pigs in a tropical environment

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Babatunde ◽  
M. J. Olomu ◽  
V. A. Oyenuga
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Tropical Environment ◽  
Protein Requirement ◽  
Large White ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Protein Levels

SUMMARYFeeding trials were carried out at different times of the year to determine the optimum crude protein requirements of weaner and growing pigs, using principally the locally available ingredients. The animals used were 96 weaners and 113 growing pigs of the Large White and Landrace breeds of average initial weights of about 9 kg and 41 kg respectively. Test diets contained protein levels ranging from 12% to 24% on a dry-matter basis, and the pigs were mostly group-fed ad libitum except for one trial. Average daily gains, efficiency of feed utilization, apparent nitrogen retention and digestibility, and feed cost per kg of body gain were measured. In a humid tropical environment, such as Ibadan, the optimum crude protein requirement for weaner pigs from 9 kg to 34 kg live weight is between 22 % and 24 % of dry matter, while that for the fattening pigs from 41 kg to 82 kg live weight is between 18% and 21% of dry matter.

The effect of dietary nutrient density on growth in the pig

1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. L. J. Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fatty Tissue ◽  
Lean Tissue ◽  
Large White ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Nutrient Density ◽  
Dietary Nutrient ◽  
The One

SUMMARYForty-eight Large White ♂× (Landrace × Large White) ♀ male castrate pigs were individually fed, on a live-weight-based scale between approximately 23 kg and 88 kg live weight, similar daily in-takes of digestible energy, crude protein and total lysine from four diets (12 pigs per diet) of widely differing compositions and nutrient densities. The digestible energy contents (MJ/kg) (1), crude protein (%) (2) and total lysine (%) (3) contents of the diets were: diet A (1) 11·40, (2) 14·40, (3) 0·82; diet B (1) 12·90, (2) 16·50, (3) 0·94; diet C (1) 14·96, (2) 19·20, (3) 1·09 and diet D (1) 18·28, (2) 23·30, (3) 1·32. To give the required daily nutrient intakes, relative to diet A (100) the intakes of diets B, C and D were 87·5, 75·0 and 62·5 respectively. Growth rates, carcass weights (from dissimilar but non-significantly different slaughter weights), killing-out percentages and the digestible energy required to produce a unit of carcass improved progressively from diet A to diet D. In these variables the significant differences tended to lie between diets A and B on the one hand compared with diets C and D on the other. The weights of lean tissue dissected from the carcass were similar for all pigs. The weights of dissected fatty tissue and backfat thicknesses increased from diet B to C to D but only the differences between diets B and D were statistically significant.

The early weaning of pigs: III. The influence of protein supply during two stages of growth on the performance of pigs from 9 lb. to bacon weight

1957 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 409-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Smith ◽  
I. A. M. Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Pilot Trial ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Weight Increase ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Vegetable Diet

1. The main experiment described was a 4 × 2 factorial designed to test levels of 18, 21, 25 and 28% crude protein in diets fed from 25–50 lb. live weight and to compare an all-vegetable diet with one containing white fish meal for pigs of 50–100 lb. live weight.Forty-eight pigs were used in the experiment. They were weaned at an average weight of 9 lb. and were fed a standard 29% protein diet until they each weighed 25 lb. Between 100 lb. and slaughter at 200 lb. they were fed a standard all-vegetable diet containing 14% protein.Live weights and food-consumption figures for each pig were recorded throughout the experiment and carcass-quality measurements were taken.2. Forpigs of 25–50 lb. there was no advantage in raising the level of crude protein above 18% in a diet based on white fish meal, dried skim milk, rolled oat groats, ground barley and fine millers' offals. Level of protein fed during this stage of the experiment did not affect performance at any subsequent stage, nor did it affect carcass quality.3. For pigs of 50–100 lb. rates of live-weight increase and food-conversion efficiency were poorer by 13 and 14%, respectively, on an all-vegetable diet containing 17% crude protein than on a diet including 7·5% white fish meal and containing 15% crude protein. This difference was not affected by level of protein fed before 50 lb., and in its turn it did not affect either growth performance from 100–200 lb. or carcass quality measurements.4. The following notes relate to the overall performance of early weaned pigs during this experiment: After being weaned at an average of 9 lb. when 10 days old, the pigs reached 25 lb. at 36 days old and 50 lb. at 58 days old. They each ate an average of 29 lb. of the 29% protein diet 1A and 59 lb. of the diets 2 A–D fed from 25–50 lb. Between 50 and 200 lb. food-conversion efficiencies were lower than is usual for individually fed pigs at the Rowett Institute, but rates of live-weight increase were satisfactory when considered in relation to the plane of feeding followed, and the average age at 200 lb. was 185 days. Of the carcasses 85% graded A.5. In a pilot trial pigs were changed over from the 29% protein diet 1A to the 18% protein diet 2D at 13, 17, 21 or 25 lb. live weight.There was a linear trend towards slower rates of live-weight increase as the weight at change-over was reduced, and pigs changed at 13 lb. took 7 days longer than those changed at 25 lb. to reach 40 lb. live weight. Overall food-conversion efficiency was best when the change was made at 25 lb., but because of the high cost of diet 1 A in relation to diet 2 D there was a linear trend for the total cost of food per pig to be lower as the weight at change-over was reduced.6. The results of the pilot trial were discussed in relation to the effects on the lightest pigs in a group of changing to diet 2 D as the average weight per pig reached 25 lb.

Comparison between fish meal and two Queensland meat and bone meals in bacon pig production

1965 ◽  
Vol 5 (19) ◽  
pp. 404 ◽  
Author(s):  
ACE Todd ◽  
LJ Daniels
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Lower Protein ◽  
Daily Gain

Fish meal, containing 64 per cent crude protein, was fed at a level of 10 per cent, as a protein supplement, in rations based on grain sorghum. Food conversion and daily gain of pigs fed this diet, from shortly after weaning to bacon weight, was superior to that obtained on diets containing either 14 per cent of a 65 per cent or 16 per cent of a 49 per cent crude protein meat and bone meal. Superior performance was also obtained when this diet was compared with two mixtures of the lower protein meat and bone and fish meal. There was no significant difference in performance when the fish meal diet was compared with a mixture of the higher protein meat and bone and fish meal. In spite of its high cost the imported fish meal was a very economical supplement.

The response of growing pigs to amino acids as influenced by environmental temperature. 2. Lysine

2000 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.S. Ferguson ◽  
G.A. Arnold ◽  
G. Lavers ◽  
R.M. Gous
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Large White ◽  
Total Heat Loss ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Access To Food ◽  
Rates Of Growth

AbstractTwo experiments were conducted to measure the effects of a range of dietary lysine concentrations and environmental temperatures on the performance of pigs grown from 13 to 25 kg live weight. In both experiments 48 Large White x Landrace entire male pigs were assigned at 13 kg to one of six dietary lysine treatments (13·8 (L1), 11·8 (L2), 9·6 (L3), 7·6 (L4), 5·6 (L5) g/kg and L5 + supplemented lysine (L6)) and one of four temperature treatments (18, 22, 26 and 30°C). Animals were given ad libitum access to food until 25 kg live weight. There were significant differences in the rates of growth between dietary and temperature treatments with the highest gains on L2 (0·597 (s.e. 0·020) kg/day) and at 18°C (0·549 (s.e. 0·018) kg/day). Food intake (FI) increased significantly (P < 0·001) with decreasing lysine content, reached a maximum (L4) and then declined (L5). An increase in the supply of lysine in the diet resulted in significant increases (P < 0·001) in the gain per unit of food (FCE). There was an indication (P < 0·10) that the response in FCE to dietary lysine was dependent on the temperature, with maximum FCE being obtained at 22°C on LI (647 (s.e. 18·5) g gain per kg food). Dietary treatment had a significant effect (P < 0·001) on both the rate of protein (PR) and lipid deposition (LR) irrespective of the temperature. There was a 0·60 reduction in PR and a 1·36 increase in LR in pigs given L5 compared with those given L1. Similar trends occurred in the empty body protein and lipid contents at 25 kg live weight. Both temperature and dietary lysine levels had a significant (P < 0·05) effect on total heat loss (THL). The response in THL was similar to that observed in FI. The efficiency of lysine utilization at 22°C was significantly (P < 0·05) higher than at the remaining temperatures. The mean efficiency for pigs between 13 kg and 25 kg live weight was 0·64 (s.e. 0·05). In general, growth and food intake responses to dietary lysine level were independent of environmental temperature.

The effect of stocking density on the responses of growing pigs to dietary lysine

2001 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.S. Ferguson ◽  
G. Lavers ◽  
R.M. Gous
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Lysine Content ◽  
Large White ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Floor Space

AbstractAn experiment was conducted to measure the effects of stocking density (increased number of pigs per pen) on lysine requirements of pigs grown from 25 to 60 kg live weight. Two hundred and sixty-four female Large White ✕ Landrace pigs were assigned at 25 kg to one of four dietary lysine treatments (13·3 (L1); 11·4 (L2); 9·5 (L3) and 7·6 (L4) g/kg) and either seven or 13 pigs per pen (or 1 0 and 0·5 m2 per pig, respectively). An additional treatment of one pig per pen (20 m2 per pig) was included to compare the responses of solitary- versus group-penned pigs. Animals were given ad libitum access to dietary treatments from a mean pen starting weight of 261 (s.e. 0·35) kg to a mean pen finishing weight of 63·4 (s.e. 0·61) kg live weight. There were no significant interactions between dietary lysine content and floor space per pig on food intake (FI), average daily growth rate (ADG), the amount of food per unit of gain (FCR) and the rate of protein retention (PR). Significant interactions were evident for body composition and the rate of lipid retention (LR). Over the weight range 25 to 40 kg there were significant differences in FI (P < 0·05) and FCR (P < 0·001) between dietary lysine treatments but most of these differences had disappeared over the 40 to 60 kg live weight. Individually penned animals had significantly higher (P < 0·05) FI and ADG than group-penned animals. However, there were no differences between seven and 13 pig per pen treatments. Stocking density had no effect on LR or body protein content but did cause a significant reduction in PR (P < 0·001) and an increase in body lipid content (P < 0·05) as the number of pigs per pen increased from seven to 13. Lysine requirements (expressed in g/day) therefore could be seen to be reduced with increasing stocking density. However, as lysine intake was reduced in group-penned animals, the reduced daily requirement does not necessarily warrant a reduction in the lysine content of the food. Feeding according to the requirements for maximum PR will still produce the best carcass and growth performance irrespective of the group size. The improvement in PR associated with higher dietary nutrient levels did not completely offset the adverse physiological effects of higher stocking density but may partly counteract the effect of reduced lysine intake. However, there were indications that feeding crowded pigs a lower dietary lysine concentration may not further reduce the already diminished protein (lysine) growth rate. An additional experiment was performed to test whether the number of feeder bins may have constrained food intake and therefore growth in group-penned animals. The results of this experiment showed that the number of bins had no significant effect on FI, ADG and FCR in group-penned pigs, and therefore a single feeder bin was not considered a constraining factor in pigs housed with limited floor space.

The response of growing pigs to amino acids as influenced by environmental temperature: tryptophan

2002 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.S. Ferguson ◽  
R.M. Gous
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Similar Response ◽  
Large Neutral Amino Acid ◽  
Large White ◽  
Total Heat Loss ◽  
Young Pigs

AbstractAn experiment was performed to measure the response of young pigs to dietary tryptophan (TRP) concentrations and environmental temperatures. Seventy-two entire male Large White ✕ Landrace pigs were assigned to one of six dietary treatments (2·90 (T1), 2·46 (T2), 2·01 (T3), 1·57 (T4), 1·12 (T5) g/kg and T5 + supplemented TRP (T6)) and one of three temperature treatments (20, 25 and 30°C) at a mean starting live weight of 14·38 (s.e. 0·201)kg. Animals were given ad libitum access to food until a final weight of 26·42 (s.e. 0·479) kg. There were no significant interactions between temperature and dietary TRP on any production variable. There was a significant (P < 0·05) quadratic improvement in the rate of live-weight growth (ADG) as the concentration of dietary TRP increased and as the temperature decreased. However, the response to increasing dietary TRP was independent of the environmental temperature. Maximum ADG was attained on T2 (0·498 (s.e. 0·023) kg/day) and at 20ºC (0·412 (s.e. 0·024) kg/day). Final live weight was a significant (P < 0·001) covariate for ADG and food intake (FI) responses. With TRP as a precursor for serotonin, a neurotransmitter that regulates appetite, it was anticipated that food intake would be affected with decreasing dietary TRP levels. However, there was no response in daily food intake to decreasing TRP concentration. This lack of response in appetite to dietary TRP may have been a result of an increasing TRP to large neutral amino acid ratio, which is known to correlate with an increase in serotonin synthesis. Total heat loss followed a similar response to FI. The gain per unit of food consumed was significantly (P < 0·001) reduced as the TRP content of the diet was decreased. The most efficient treatments were T1 (506 (s.e. 1·90) g gain per kg food) and T2 (495 (s.e. 23·2) g gain per kg food) while the worst was T5 (237 (s.e. 22·3) g gain per kg food). There were significant quadratic responses to dietary TRP in protein content of the empty body (P < 0·05) and the rate of protein retention (PR) (P < 001) but only PR was affected by temperature (P < 001). Both temperature (P < 0·05) and dietary TRP (P < 0·001) had a significant effect on the lipid content of the body but only temperature affected the rate of lipid retention, with a significantly (P < 0·001) lower rate at 30 oC. The efficiency of TRP utilization improved with increasing temperature. It was lowest at 20ºC (0·60 g TRP per kg protein) and highest at 30ºC (0·86 g/kg), while the mean efficiency for pigs between 14 and 26 kg live weight, at thermoneutrality (25°C), was close to 0·71 g/kg.

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