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2022 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 367-380
Author(s):  
Luciane Maria Stumpf ◽  
◽  
Jansller Luiz Genova ◽  
Liliana Bury de Azevedo dos Santos ◽  
Paulo Evaristo Rupolo ◽  
...  

This study was conducted to assess the effect of two types of drinkers on water intake (WI) and two types of toys on behavioural observations of piglets in the nursery phase. A total of 72 crossbred entire male piglets (Landrace × Large White, Agroceres♂ and DanBred♀), weaned at 21 days of age, with an average initial body weight (AIBW) of 6.75 ± 0.19 kg were used. Two statistical models were fitted for WI. In model I, animals were distributed in a completely randomized design (CRD) with a split-plot in time, composed of six treatments (2 types of drinkers × 3 experimental phases), eight replications (days of sampling), and 36 animals/experimental unit (EU), without using AIBW as a covariate. In model II, animals were distributed in a CRD with two treatments (fixed or pendular nipple drinkers), eight replications (days of sampling) and 36 animals/EU, with use of AIBW as a covariate. For assessment of behavioural observations, the model was adjusted in a randomized block design, consisting of four treatments [two types of toys (metal chain and plastic bottle) × two daytime periods (morning and afternoon)], nine replications and three blocks constituted in time (days), totalling four pigs/EU. The results indicated an effect on animal daily WI in the starter phase in model I (p < 0.000) and II (p = 0.006). There was an effect (p ≤ 0.05) of toy type for behavioural observations, in which pigs showed a greater proportion of fighting and belly nosing when they had the bottle toy. However, animals spent more time (p ≤ 0.05) eating, drinking water, overlapping, and playing with the toy when they had access to the chain toy. There was an increase (p ≤ 0.05) in sleeping behaviour in the morning period, as well as greater (p ≤ 0.05) behavioural activity in the afternoon period. In conclusion, WI of nursery piglets was positively influenced by growth phase, and the fixed drinker stimulated greater WI in piglets in the starter phase. In addition, the metal chain, as an environmental enrichment, promoted improvements in feeding behaviour and WI, reducing fighting events, and the afternoon period had increased behavioural observations overall.


animal ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 100437
Author(s):  
A. Van den Broeke ◽  
M. Aluwé ◽  
K. Kress ◽  
V. Stefanski ◽  
M. Škrlep ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Immaculada Argemí-Armengol ◽  
Daniel Villalba ◽  
Juan Ramón Bertolín ◽  
María Ángeles Latorre ◽  
Núria Panella-Riera ◽  
...  

Abstract In organic pig husbandry, the use of roughage is mandatory as dietary supplement. This study investigated the effects of oat silage on the fatty acid composition, in entire males and gilts, as well as indole and skatole levels in perirenal adipose tissue of entire males. Entire males and gilts (forty-five to forty-eight pigs/sex) were assigned to two dietary roughage feeds (control with straw vs. oat silage). There was no significant effect of silage or sex on total SFA and MUFA in pork fat. However, the oat silage increased the total PUFA n-3 and decreased the PUFA n-6/n-3 ratio. The content of boar taint compounds (skatole and indole) in the entire male pigs did not differ between diets, although human nose scoring rejected in a greater extent more pork fat from entire males supplemented with oat silage, compared with those only supplied with straw. Approximately 50% of the entire males (90 to 97 kg of carcass) had low skatole values (≤0.1 μg/g), that were below the range of boar taint detection, regardless of the feeding regime. This finding indicates that more studies should be performed to avoid the problem of taint detection in entire males under organic production.


2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 376-376
Author(s):  
Christine Bone ◽  
E James Squires

Abstract Boar taint is an off-odour or off-flavour that develops in heated pork products from entire male pigs, which is caused by the accumulation of androstenone, a sex pheromone, in the fat. However, we have previously demonstrated that a significant amount of androstenone undergoes sulfoconjugation upon synthesis in the Leydig cells and circulates in the plasma primarily as a polar steroid sulfate. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine if androstenone sulfate can be deconjugated within the adipose tissue by the sulfatase enzyme to return free androstenone and indirectly contribute to the development of boar taint. Backfat was obtained from 6-month-old terminal cross [Duroc x (Landrace x Yorkshire)] boars that had high (n=4) or low (n=4) sulfatase expression as determined by RT-PCR. Sulfatase activity in the fat was measured by quantifying the conversion of androstenone sulfate to free androstenone. Backfat was homogenized and the supernatant was incubated with [3H]-androstenone sulfate for 24-hours. Androstenone was extracted from the incubation using ether and steroid conversion was quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Additionally, fat androstenone concentrations were quantified using an established HPLC procedure. Statistical analysis was conducted using a Student’s t-test. There was a significant difference (p=0.04) in the expression of sulfatase between the high (2.99 ± 0.67) and low (1.21 ± 0.19) sulfatase boars and the percentage of androstenone sulfate that was converted to free androstenone was proportional to the expression of sulfatase. Interestingly, the expression of sulfatase was positively related to the concentration of androstenone in the fat in boars with high sulfatase expression; however, this relation was not as strong in animals with low sulfatase expression. These preliminary results suggest that the development of boar taint may occur indirectly through the deconjugation of androstenone sulfate in boars with high expression of sulfatase in the fat.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaqian You ◽  
Chung Yoh Kim ◽  
Seul Ki Kim ◽  
Beom Sun Chung ◽  
Donghwan Har ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvia Masson ◽  
Tiphaine Medam ◽  
Elsa Raibon ◽  
Christelle Fontaine ◽  
Xavier Levy

Deslorelin slow-released implants are registered in Europe for the reversible suppression of fertility in male dogs. After administration, a time-limited increase in sex hormones concentration and related behavioral problems may be observed. The aim of this work was to assess whether cyproterone acetate, a synthetic progestogen, can prevent this flare-up effect. Eighteen privately-owned entire male dogs were enrolled in this double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. All subjects received a 4.7 mg deslorelin implant by SC route and 1–3 capsules containing either cyproterone acetate 2 mg/kg (N = 9) or a placebo (N = 9), by oral route BID for 14 days, depending on the dog's weight. The dogs were followed for 28 days. An increase in the blood testosterone concentration was observed in respectively 9/9 and 7/9 dogs of the control and cyproterone groups (p = 0.47). However, a worsening of the sex hormone related problems (i.e., urinary marking, mounting, aggressiveness toward other dogs and/or escape) was only observed in the placebo group, in 56 or 66% of the dogs as measured by respectively the veterinarian and the owners. Our study suggests that cyproterone acetate is effective and safe to supress the deslorelin induced behavioral flare-up effect, but not the rise in testosterone.


Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2786
Author(s):  
Sylwia Żakowska-Biemans ◽  
Eliza Kostyra ◽  
Martin Škrlep ◽  
Marijke Aluwé ◽  
Marjeta Čandek-Potokar

Consumer studies on acceptability of pork from immunocastrates (IC) and entire males (EM) are of primary importance, if these alternatives are to replace surgical castration (SC) of piglets. Data on the sensory traits and consumers acceptance of IC and EM meat products are still limited. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to (1) describe the sensory profile by quantitative descriptive analysis and (2) test the perception and consumer liking of salami (dry-fermented sausage) and pancetta (dry-cured belly) from EM, IC and SC animals. The consumer tests included the scaling method and check-all-that-apply. Profiling showed that EM products were scored lower in the overall sensory quality compared to IC or SC. EM products differed mainly from IC and SC in the intensity of the manure, sweat odor and flavor, persistent impression and texture (hardness, gumminess and easy to fragment). Salami samples did not differ in liking. In pancetta, the differences were significant for odor liking and visual quality (expected liking). Consumers did not perceive EM products as inferior in terms of liking, while sensory profiling indicated differences for boar taint presence and texture. Using meat originating from IC did not result in any differences in consumers acceptance as compared to products from SC.


2021 ◽  
pp. 107182
Author(s):  
Ma Belén Linares ◽  
Irene Peñaranda ◽  
Celia Ma Iniesta ◽  
Macarena Egea ◽  
Ma Dolores Garrido

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5005 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
TATSUYA MATSUMOTO ◽  
KEIICHI MATSUURA ◽  
NAOTO HANZAWA

A new species of nine-spined stickleback, Pungitius modestus, is described based on the holotype and 17 paratypes (38.7–51.7 mm standard length) collected from the inland area of Yamagata Prefecture, northern Honshu, Japan. The new species is distinguished from the other species of Pungitius by the following combination of characters: 30–32 small unconnected lateral plates; dorsal-fin rays VIII–X (usually IX)+9–11; anal-fin rays 7–10 (usually 8); pectoral-fin rays 10; a short spiny dorsal fin base (26.5%–29.8% SL); the first spiny dorsal fin spine behind the pectoral-fin base; a long pre-anal fin (59.9%–67.4% SL); the anal-fin spine below the 1st–3rd dorsal-fin rays; a short pelvic-fin spine (6.3%–9.1% SL); a short anal-fin spine (4.1%–6.0% SL); a long caudal peduncle (14.3%–19.7% SL); no body markings; membranes of the dorsal-fin spines dark brown with black pigments; the entire male body, and soft dorsal and anal fins, becoming black in the breeding season; the anteroventral process of the ectocoracoid present; and the dorsal extension of the ascending process of the pelvis level with the dorsal-most actinost.


Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 896
Author(s):  
Ivan Bahelka ◽  
Ondřej Bučko ◽  
Pavol Fľak

The slaughtering of entire males increases the probability of incidence of tainted pork due to the presence two main compounds—androstenone and skatole. If a surgical castration of young entire male pigs is stopped in the EU countries, fattening of boars is likely to become one of the most commonly used systems in pig farming. Since skatole production and accumulation in fat tissue can be controlled by dietary approaches, several studies have investigated various feed additives to reduce this compound of boar taint. Ones of the most promising is tannins. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different dietary tannin level supplementation on carcass, pork quality, chemical, amino and fatty acid composition. as well as perception of boar taint and accumulation of skatole and androstenone in adipose tissue. Eighty entire males were randomly distributed to control (T0) and four experimental groups. Control pigs received standard feed mixture (16.8% CP, 13.9 MJ ME) without any tannin supplementation. Experimental pigs received the same diet with administration of 1% (T1), 2% (T2), 3% (T3) and 4% (T4)—sweet chestnut extract rich in hydrolysable tannins for 40 days (from average live weight of 80 kg until slaughter at average weight 122.28 kg ± 5.63 kg). Dietary tannins supplementation did not show any significant effect on chemical composition, cholesterol content, and amino acid composition of muscle as well as fatty acid composition and androstenone accumulation in adipose tissue. A slight or small effect was observed on carcass and meat quality, respectively. Pigs in groups T4 and/or T3-T4 had higher electrical conductivity in semimembranosus muscle and cooking loss value compared to T1, T2 or T0, T1, and T2 groups (p < 0.05). Tannins in the pig’s diet greatly affected fatty acid profile in meat of entire males. The highest tannin levels (4%) increased concentrations of lauric, myristic, vaccenic, linoleic, total PUFA, and n-6 PUFA in muscle compared to the control. Similar results were found in group T3 except for vaccenic, linoleic, and total PUFA. On the contrary, concentrations of heptadecanoic and oleic acids in groups T3 and T4 were lower than those in T1 and T2 groups. Perception of boar taint using „hot iron“ method (insertion a hot iron tip of soldering iron into adipose tissue) tended to decrease in T2 group compared with control. Skatole accumulation in fat tissue was reduced in groups T2-T4 at significance level (p = 0.052–0.055) compared to the control pigs. In summary, tannins supplementation had no effect on chemical and amino acid composition as well as fatty acid profile in adipose tissue, and only slight on carcass value. However, 4% concentration of tannins significantly increased content of some fatty acids compared to control group.


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