Dominance patterns and positional behaviour of sheep in yards

1974 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Dove ◽  
R. G. Beilharz ◽  
J. L. Black
Keyword(s):  
Small Groups ◽  
Social Dominance ◽  
Voluntary Movement ◽  
Dominance Hierarchy ◽  
Dominance Status ◽  
Linear Type ◽  
Dominance Structure ◽  
The Social ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Forced Movement

SUMMARY1. Observations were conducted to ascertain the social dominance structure in two small groups of castrated male Corriedale sheep. In these and a third group, the order of the sheep past a fixed point was recorded, when they were moving either voluntarily or under force. Records were also made of the way in which the sheep distributed themselves spatially in a confined area, relative to one or two men simulating yard work. In a fourth group divided into two sub-groups, the social dominance structure was determined before and after the subgroups were mixed, to assess the effect of mixing.2. The small groups showed a distinct social dominance hierarchy of a linear type, similar to that found in cattle and pigs. The dominance status of individual animals was correlated with their body weight, wither height and height at hocks. Dominance status within a subgroup remained stable following the mixing of sub-groups.3. The sheep adopted consistent positions in forced movement, and in relation to one or two men simulating yard work. There was no consistency in voluntary movement. Dominant animals did not lead the forced movement, were usually some distance from man, and were widely scattered from each other.4. Dominance status was closely related to positional behaviour.

Epinephrine and Nor-Epinephrine Effects on Social Dominance Behavior

1970 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl W. Lawrence ◽  
Jack R. Haynes
Keyword(s):  
Social Dominance ◽  
Dominance Hierarchy ◽  
Dominance Behavior ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Submissive Behavior ◽  
The Social

Effects of epinephrine and nor-epinephrine on social dominance behavior in 24 male C57BL/6J mice were investigated. The social dominance hierarchy was created by placing pairs of Ss in a linear maze. The only way S could get to the goal box was by pushing the opposing S out. The dominant S pushed the submissive S out of the maze. After the dominance hierarchy was established, each S was placed in the dominance situation under each of the drug conditions, epinephrine and nor-epinephrine. The results showed that all conditions were significantly different from each other, with the greatest amount of dominance behavior being shown under nor-epinephrine and the greatest submissive behavior under epinephrine. It was concluded that epinephrine and nor-epinephrine may have differential effects on social dominance behavior.

scholarly journals Neuronal Adaptations to Changes in the Social Dominance Status of Crayfish

1997 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 697-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shih-Rung Yeh ◽  
Barbara E. Musolf ◽  
Donald H. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Social Dominance ◽  
Dominance Status ◽  
The Social

Effects of Competition On the Aggressive Behavior of Squirrel and Cebus Monkeys

Behaviour ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 315-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick A. King ◽  
Rod Plotnik ◽  
Lamar Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Social Dominance ◽  
Aggressive Interaction ◽  
Male Adult ◽  
Testing Area ◽  
Aggressive Interactions ◽  
Cebus Monkey ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
Dominance Structure ◽  
The Social ◽  
Cebus Monkeys

AbstractThe social dominance structure and aggressive patterns in a group of four male adult squirrel monkeys and four adolescent cebus monkeys were analyzed across different test conditions. The effects on frequency and direction of aggressive interaction as well as on social dominance structure were assessed after systematically varying the size of testing area, presence or absence of reinforcement, kind of reinforcement (food or shock), and after the monkeys in each established group were separated for two weeks. Under all test conditions, the squirrel monkey's social dominance structure consisted of a dominant boss monkey and an almost completely linear hierarchy for the group. The cebus monkey's social structure consisted of a dominant boss monkey and an almost nonlinear hierarchy for the group. The presence of reinforcement, kind of reinforcement, and size of testing area were shown to have important effects on frequency but not on the direction of aggressive interactions in both the mature squirrel monkey group and immature cebus monkey group.

scholarly journals Group housing and social dominance hierarchy affect circadian activity patterns in mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 201985
Author(s):  
Yuri Robbers ◽  
Mayke M. H. Tersteeg ◽  
Johanna H. Meijer ◽  
Claudia P. Coomans
Keyword(s):  
Social Environment ◽  
Social Dominance ◽  
Dominance Hierarchy ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Dominance Rank ◽  
Dominant Male ◽  
Group Housing ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
The Social

In this study, we investigated the effect of social environment on circadian patterns in activity by group housing either six male or six female mice together in a cage, under regular light–dark cycles. Based on the interactions among the animals, the social dominance rank of individual mice was quantitatively established by calculating Elo ratings. Our results indicated that, during our experiment, the social dominance hierarchy was rapidly established, stable yet complex, often showing more than one dominant mouse and several subordinate mice. Moreover, we found that especially dominant male mice, but not female mice, displayed a significantly higher fraction of their activity during daytime. This resulted in reduced rhythm amplitude in dominant males. After division into separate cages, male mice showed an enhancement of their 24 h rhythm, due to lower daytime activity. Recordings of several physiological parameters showed no evidence for reduced health as a potential consequence of reduced rhythm amplitude. For female mice, transfer to individual housing did not affect their daily activity pattern. We conclude that 24 h rhythms under light–dark cycles are influenced by the social environment in males but not in females, and lead to a decrement in behavioural rhythm amplitude that is larger in dominant mice.

scholarly journals An Adolescent Sensitive Period for Social Dominance Hierarchy Plasticity Is Regulated by Cortical Plasticity Modulators in Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy K. Bicks ◽  
Michelle Peng ◽  
Alana Taub ◽  
Schahram Akbarian ◽  
Hirofumi Morishita
Keyword(s):  
Social Dominance ◽  
Dominance Hierarchy ◽  
Behavioral Plasticity ◽  
Cortical Plasticity ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Adolescent Male ◽  
Sensitive Period ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Dominance Hierarchies ◽  
The Social

Social dominance hierarchies are a common adaptation to group living and exist across a broad range of the animal kingdom. Social dominance is known to rely on the prefrontal cortex (PFC), a brain region that shows a protracted developmental trajectory in mice. However, it is unknown to what extent the social dominance hierarchy is plastic across postnatal development and how it is regulated. Here we identified a sensitive period for experience-dependent social dominance plasticity in adolescent male mice, which is regulated by mechanisms that affect cortical plasticity. We show that social dominance hierarchies in male mice are already formed at weaning and are highly stable into adulthood. However, one experience of forced losing significantly reduces social dominance during the adolescent period but not in adulthood, suggesting adolescence as a sensitive period for experience-dependent social dominance plasticity. Notably, robust adolescent plasticity can be prolonged into adulthood by genetic deletion of Lynx1, a molecular brake that normally limits cortical plasticity through modulation of cortical nicotinic signaling. This plasticity is associated with increased activation of established nodes of the social dominance network including dorsal medial PFC and medial dorsal thalamus evidenced by increased c-Fos. Pharmacologically mediated elevation of cortical plasticity by valproic acid rapidly destabilizes the hierarchy of adult wildtype animals. These findings provide insight into mechanisms through which increased behavioral plasticity may be achieved to improve therapeutic recovery from psychiatric disorders that are associated with social deficits.

Social ascent changes cognition, behaviour and physiology in a highly social cichlid fish

2022 ◽  
Vol 377 (1845) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly J. Wallace ◽  
Kavyaa D. Choudhary ◽  
Layla A. Kutty ◽  
Don H. Le ◽  
Matthew T. Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Dominance ◽  
Cichlid Fish ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Dominance Status ◽  
Pecking Order ◽  
Dominance Hierarchies ◽  
Social Community ◽  
Current State ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Astatotilapia Burtoni

When an individual ascends in dominance status within their social community, they often undergo a suite of behavioural, physiological and neuromolecular changes. While these changes have been extensively characterized across a number of species, we know much less about the degree to which these changes in turn influence cognitive processes like associative learning, memory and spatial navigation. Here, we assessed male Astatotilapia burtoni , an African cichlid fish known for its dynamic social dominance hierarchies, in a set of cognitive tasks both before and after a community perturbation in which some individuals ascended in dominance status. We assayed steroid hormone (cortisol, testosterone) levels before and after the community experienced a social perturbation. We found that ascending males changed their physiology and novel object recognition preference during the perturbation, and they subsequently differed in social competence from non-ascenders. Additionally, using a principal component analysis we were able to identify specific cognitive and physiological attributes that appear to predispose certain individuals to ascend in social status once a perturbation occurs. These previously undiscovered relationships between social ascent and cognition further emphasize the broad influence of social dominance on animal decision-making. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The centennial of the pecking order: current state and future prospects for the study of dominance hierarchies’.

scholarly journals The Role of Grunt Calls in the Social Dominance Hierarchy of the White-Lipped Peccary (Mammalia, Tayassuidae)

PLoS ONE ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. e0158665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Selene S. C. Nogueira ◽  
Christini B. Caselli ◽  
Thaise S. O. Costa ◽  
Leiliany N. Moura ◽  
Sérgio L. G. Nogueira-Filho
Keyword(s):  
Social Dominance ◽  
Dominance Hierarchy ◽  
The Social

Singing in Relation To Social Dominance and Testosterone in White-Throated Sparrows

Behaviour ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 127 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 175-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. HAVEN WILEY ◽  
W.H. Piper ◽  
Manee Archawaranon ◽  
Elizabeth Wyrick Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Small Groups ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Social Dominance ◽  
Dominance Hierarchy ◽  
Dominance Rank ◽  
Territorial Behavior ◽  
Seasonal Development ◽  
Zonotrichia Albicollis ◽  
Lower Rank ◽  
Age And Sex

Abstract Singing by white-throated sparrows Zonotrichia albicollis during the winter in natural situations occurred most frequently among birds with high rank in a dominance hierarchy. Genetic morph, age and sex had no significant influence on singing during winter. Among testosterone-implanted birds in small groups in large aviaries, dominance rank strongly influenced singing. Testosterone-treated birds with top rank sang most frequently, those with second rank less, and those with lower rank never. As a testosterone-treated bird's rank changed in the course of regroupings with new opponents, its frequency of singing also changed. Dominance in a group thus interacted with testosterone to promote singing. In addition, grouped birds in May before treatment with testosterone did not sing. As a consequence, it seems likely that the normal seasonal development of territorial behavior and singing involves cascading interactions of endocrine states and social circumstances.

Doing politics by other means: Abdelmalek Sayad and the political sociology of a collective intellectual

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
pp. 999-1014
Author(s):  
Amín Pérez
Keyword(s):  
International Organizations ◽  
Political Action ◽  
The Political ◽  
Host Society ◽  
Intellectual Work ◽  
Academic Fields ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Fields ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The One

This article proposes a new understanding of the constraints and opportunities that lead intellectuals engaged in different political and social fields to create alternative modes of resistance to domination. The study of the Algerian sociologist Abdelmalek Sayad offers insights into the social conditions of this mode of committed scholarship. On the one hand, this article applies Sayad’s theory of immigration to his transnational intellectual engagements. It establishes how immigrants’ intellectual work are conditioned by their trajectories, both before and after leaving their country, and by the stages of emigration (from playing a role in the society of origin to becoming caught up in the reality of the host society). On the other hand, the article illuminates the constraints and the spaces of possible action intellectuals face while moving across national universes and disparate political and academic fields. Sayad’s marginal position within the academy constrained him to work for the French and Algerian governments and international organizations while he was simultaneously engaged with political dissidents, unionists, writers, and social movements. In tracking Sayad’s roles as an academic, expert and public sociologist, the article uncovers the conditions that grounded improbable alliances between those fields and produced new forms of critique and political action. The article concludes by drawing out some reflections that ‘collective intellectual’ engagements elicit to the sociology of intellectuals.

Antecedents of growth-oriented entrepreneurship before and during the Greek economic crisis

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 528-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioannis Giotopoulos ◽  
Alexandra Kontolaimou ◽  
Aggelos Tsakanikas
Keyword(s):  
Work Experience ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
New Ventures ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Crisis Period ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The Social ◽  
Before And After

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore potential drivers of high-growth intentions of early-stage entrepreneurs in Greece before and after the onset of the financial crisis of 2008. Design/methodology/approach To this end, the authors use individual-level data retrieved from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor annual surveys (2003-2015). Findings The results show that high-growth intentions of Greek entrepreneurs are driven by different factors in the crisis compared to the non-crisis period. Male entrepreneurs and entrepreneurs with significant work experience seem to be more likely to be engaged in growth-oriented new ventures during the crisis period. The same appears to hold for entrepreneurs who are motivated by an opportunity and also perceive future business opportunities in adverse economic conditions. On the other hand, the educational level and the social contacts of founders with other entrepreneurs are found to drive ambitious Greek entrepreneurship in the years before the crisis, while they were insignificant after the crisis outbreak. Originality/value Based on the concept of ambitious entrepreneurship, this study contributes to the literature by investigating the determinants of entrepreneurial high-growth expectations in the Greek context emphasizing the crisis period in comparison to the pre-crisis years.

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