Neuronal Adaptations to Changes in the Social Dominance Status of Crayfish

SUMMARY1. Observations were conducted to ascertain the social dominance structure in two small groups of castrated male Corriedale sheep. In these and a third group, the order of the sheep past a fixed point was recorded, when they were moving either voluntarily or under force. Records were also made of the way in which the sheep distributed themselves spatially in a confined area, relative to one or two men simulating yard work. In a fourth group divided into two sub-groups, the social dominance structure was determined before and after the subgroups were mixed, to assess the effect of mixing.2. The small groups showed a distinct social dominance hierarchy of a linear type, similar to that found in cattle and pigs. The dominance status of individual animals was correlated with their body weight, wither height and height at hocks. Dominance status within a subgroup remained stable following the mixing of sub-groups.3. The sheep adopted consistent positions in forced movement, and in relation to one or two men simulating yard work. There was no consistency in voluntary movement. Dominant animals did not lead the forced movement, were usually some distance from man, and were widely scattered from each other.4. Dominance status was closely related to positional behaviour.

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Social dominance mediates behavioral adaptation to chronic stress in a sex-specific manner

eLife ◽

10.7554/elife.58723 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Stoyo Karamihalev ◽

Elena Brivio ◽

Cornelia Flachskamm ◽

Rainer Stoffel ◽

Mathias V Schmidt ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chronic Stress ◽

Social Dominance ◽

Behavioral Outcomes ◽

Group Living ◽

Social Hierarchy ◽

Behavioral Adaptation ◽

The Social ◽

Specific Manner ◽

Behavioral Monitoring ◽

Influence Behavior

Sex differences and social context independently contribute to the development of stress-related disorders. However, less is known about how their interplay might influence behavior and physiology. Here we focused on social hierarchy status, a major component of the social environment in mice, and whether it influences behavioral adaptation to chronic stress in a sex-specific manner. We used a high-throughput automated behavioral monitoring system to assess social dominance in same-sex, group-living mice. We found that position in the social hierarchy at baseline was a significant predictor of multiple behavioral outcomes following exposure to chronic stress. Crucially, this association carried opposite consequences for the two sexes. This work demonstrates the importance of recognizing the interplay between sex and social factors and enhances our understating of how individual differences shape the stress response.

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Ambivalent Speciesism Scale: Development, Validity and Reliability

Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi ◽

10.7816/nesne-08-18-09 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (18) ◽

Keyword(s):

Animal Rights ◽

Social Dominance ◽

Animal Ethics ◽

High Reliability ◽

Social Dominance Orientation ◽

Three Dimensions ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

The Social ◽

Orientation Scale ◽

Animal Use

The aim of this study is to develop a scale compatible with current animal ethics studies to measure the phenomenon of speciesism, that is marginalization of animals and prejudice and discrimination against animals. In order to develop the Ambivalent Speciesism Scale, an item pool was created by examining the animal ethics literature and social psychology studies on human-animal relations, and then the items were edited by taking the opinions of people studying animal rights and experts in measurement and evaluation in psychology. The scale is designed in 7-point Likert type. The trial form was applied to the participants together with the Speciesism Scale, the Social Dominance Orientation Scale and the Basic Empathy Scale. Participants were selected from individuals representing different lifestyles in the context of animal use, using the snowball sampling technique. The study was conducted with 288 participants; 64 men, 217 women and, 7 of whom are not of both genders. While there were 24 items in the trial form of the scale, nine of these items were eliminated as a result of the factor analysis. The final form of the scale with 15 items has a high reliability (.90). The items of the scale are divided into three dimensions: belief in human superiority, protective speciesism, and speciesism in language. It was determined that the scores obtained from the scale were in positive correlation with the scores obtained from the other scale measuring speciesism and the social dominance orientation scale, as expected. The scores obtained from the scale are distributed as expected among the groups that include lifestyles related to animal use. These data were evaluated as findings showing the validity of the scale. Keywords Speciesism, ambivalent speciesism scale, animal rights, discrimination, animal ethics

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Experiments in political psychology

10.31234/osf.io/c2a6b ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Kyle Fischer ◽

Quentin Atkinson ◽

Ananish Chaudhuri

Keyword(s):

Social Dominance ◽

Political Ideology ◽

Ultimatum Game ◽

Social Dominance Orientation ◽

Right Wing ◽

Right Wing Authoritarianism ◽

The Social ◽

Orientation Scale ◽

The Right ◽

Social Conservatism

This chapter provides an overview of studies that use incentivised experiments to study political ideology. We look first at studies that conceptualise political ideology along a unidimensional liberal-conservative spectrum and explore whether there are behavioural differences between liberals and conservatives. While recent studies find that liberals display more pro-sociality, many other studies find that liberals and conservatives display similar levels of pro-social, ingroup-biased, normative, and punitive behaviour. We then turn to experiments that study two-dimensional political ideology as embodied in the concepts of economic conservatism/progressivism (often measured with the Social Dominance Orientation scale) and social conservatism/progressivism (usually measured with the Right-Wing Authoritarianism scale). In such experiments, economic conservatives display lower levels of pro-sociality and universalism and greater tolerance of inequality and tendencies to harm outgroups. Social conservatives tend to display “groupishness”, including distrusting anonymous strangers, cooperating with ingroup members, following rules, punishing in the ultimatum game, and sometimes harming outgroups.

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Increased Conformity to Social Hierarchy Under Public Eyes

Frontiers in Psychology ◽

10.3389/fpsyg.2021.636801 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Daeeun Kim ◽

JuYoung Kim ◽

Hackjin Kim

Keyword(s):

Social Status ◽

Social Dominance ◽

Social Rank ◽

Social Dominance Orientation ◽

Social Hierarchy ◽

Negative Evaluation ◽

Fear Of Negative Evaluation ◽

The Public ◽

Individual Preferences ◽

The Social

Why would people conform more to others with higher social positions? People may place higher confidence in the opinions of those who rank higher in the social hierarchy, or they may wish to make better impressions on people of higher social status. We investigated how individual preferences for novel stimuli are influenced by the preferences of others in the social hierarchy and whether anonymity affects such preference changes. After manipulation of their social rank, participants were asked to indicate how much they liked or disliked a series of images. Then, they were shown the rating given to each image by a partner (either inferior or superior in social rank) and were given a chance to adjust their ratings. The participants were more likely to change their preferences to match those of a superior partner in the public vs. private condition. The tendency to conform to the views of the superior partner was stronger among those with higher social dominance orientation (SDO) and those with greater fear of negative evaluation (FNE) by others. Altogether, the findings suggest that the motivation to make better impressions on people of higher social status can be the major driver of conformity to others with higher social positions.

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Development of mound-building in Australian brush-turkeys (Alectura lathami): the role of learning, testosterone and body mass

Australian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1071/zo06007 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 54 (2) ◽

pp. 71 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ann Göth ◽

Lee Astheimer

Keyword(s):

Life History ◽

Body Mass ◽

Social Dominance ◽

Role Models ◽

Early Age ◽

Parental Role ◽

Behavioural Development ◽

Dominance Status ◽

Alectura Lathami

Australian brush-turkeys (Alectura lathami) hatch in incubation mounds of organic material and have no parental role models to learn from. When raised in outdoor aviaries, without adults, four of six males built incubation mounds at an early age of 4.5–9 months. The two males without mounds were the only ones without detectable levels of testosterone (T) at 4.5 months, whereas body mass did not explain the presence or absence of mound building. At the age of 11 months, all males had detectable T, including those without mounds. This study also investigated the development of social dominance in males kept in mixed-sex groups for 4.5 months. At this latter age, higher-ranked males tended to have higher T levels (P = 0.076), whereas dominance ranks at 4.5 months were not correlated with body mass or size, either at this age or at hatching. Overall, these results suggest that mound building develops without learning, and there is a relationship between T levels and dominance status as well as the absence or presence of mound building. These findings contribute to discussions on the role of learning in behavioural development and the role of T and body mass in avian life history.

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