Physiological attributes as possible selection criteria for milk production 1. Study of metabolites in Friesian calves of high or low genetic merit

1980 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Tilakaratne ◽  
J. C. Alliston ◽  
W. R. Carr ◽  
R. B. Land ◽  
T. J. Osmond
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
Sodium Propionate ◽  
Genetic Merit ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Blood Characteristics

ABSTRACTThe use of variation in metabolism to predict genetic merit for milk production was studied using 42 Friesian calves: 11 ♀♀, 10 ♂♂ were the offspring of four bulls with high (H), and 11 ♀♀, 10 ♂♂ of four with low (L) improved contemporary comparison (ICC) values (mean = + 402 kg and − 276 kg respectively). The animals were 14 or 15 weeks of age at the start of the study and treated similarly throughout.Blood samples were collected: I—in relation to feeding; II—at set intervals; III—during a 44-h fast; and IV—following the sudden introduction of an energy metabolite (sodium propionate), and then refeeding. Plasma concentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate, glucose, urea, free fatty acids, total proteins and albumin were measured in all samples.Blood characteristics apparently differed among animals, particularly protein and urea (repeatability 0·74 and 0·62 respectively).The progeny of high ICC bulls had lower levels of urea during fasting (H = 4·70, L = 5·62P< 0·05) but higher levels of free fatty acids (H = 578, L = 492 μ equivalents/l;P< 0·05). There was a small difference in total protein (H = 69·7, L = 66·8 g/l,P< 0·05) but the other metabolites showed no significant ICC group difference.In general, sex of the animal did not influence the metabolites.Results suggest that calves with different potentials for milk production vary in aspects of energy and nitrogen metabolism; the possibility of using these as criteria for genetic selection for milk production is discussed.

Options to reduce vulnerability to metabolic stress by genetic selection

1999 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 119-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Pryce ◽  
P. Løvendahl
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
Metabolic Stress ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Genetic Merit ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Breeding Goals ◽  
High Yields

AbstractGenetic selection for milk production has been very successful. However to achieve high yields, the metabolic load on dairy cows is believed to be substantial. If the size of this load is large enough then the animal may become ‘metabolically stressed’. Signs of this may include some sort of distortion of normal physiological function. There is evidence from both population studies and research herds to suggest that intense selection for milk yield has led to a deterioration in some aspects of health and fertility. Genetic correlation estimates between production and measures of fertility are unfavourable. As an example, calving intervals of high merit animals from Langhill are on average 12 days longer than those of average genetic merit, which is mostly due to a delay in days to first heat. It is suggested that some aspects of health and fertility problems in high genetic merit animals are a consequence, in part, of so-called metabolic stress. Future breeding goals should be broadened to include a broad spectrum of traits related to efficient milk production, in addition to either health and fertility traits themselves, or traits believed to be precursors of them, such as those related to metabolic stress. The complexity and subjectivity of metabolic stress and its components makes it very difficult to include in future breeding goals. However, traits related to energy balance, such as some measures of condition score, dry-matter intake and live weight may be useful in breeding programmes where one of the goals is to alleviate metabolic stress.

Use of plasma hormone and metabolite levels to predict breeding value of young bulls for butterfat production

1984 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Sejrsen ◽  
F. Larsen ◽  
B. B. Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Indirect Selection ◽  
Breeding Value ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Ad Libitum

ABSTRACTThe purpose of the experiment was to investigate the possibility of using concentrations of hormones and metabolites in plasma of potential breeding bulls early in life as indirect selection criteria for butterfat production. Sixteen Red Danish bull calves were included in the experiment, 10 were offspring of parents selected for high butterfat production for two or three generations, and six were from parents selected for low butterfat yield. The average estimated relative breeding values of the calves in the two groups were 111 and 91.At 3·5 and 7 months of age blood samples were collected every 6 h during 2 days of ad libitum feeding, 5 days of fasting and 2 days of refeeding. The samples were analysed for glucose, urea, free fatty acids, insulin and thyroxine. At 3·5 months plasma concentrations of free fatty acids were significantly correlated with breeding value under all feeding conditions examined. The increase in plasma glucose during refeeding at both ages was positively related to breeding value. Plasma insulin during the 1st day of fasting was positively correlated with genetic merit at 3·5 months of age and negatively correlated at 7 months. Plasma thyroxine was negatively correlated with breeding value at both ages, but the correlation was only significant at 7 months. Multiple regression analyses showed that a large part of the variation in breeding value for butterfat production could be described by plasma levels of hormones and metabolites when more than one variable was included in the model. With six variables in the model 0·67 and 0·73 of the variation could be accounted for at 3·5 and 7 months of age respectively.The results of the experiment have to be considered with caution because only one sire was used per group, the parents were preselected, and the number of animals was small. The results, however, do indicate that plasma levels of hormones and metabolites in the early life of potential breeding bulls, measured after suitable physiological challenges, may be useful as selection criteria for butterfat production of their offspring.

scholarly journals Energy efficiency of diet for periparturient dairy cows supplemented with free fatty acids or glucogenic additives

2016 ◽  
Vol 72 (12) ◽  
pp. 760-767
Author(s):  
Renata Klebaniuk ◽  
Grzegorz Kochman ◽  
Edyta Kowalczuk-Vasilev ◽  
Eugeniusz R. Grela ◽  
Maciej Bąkowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Sodium Propionate ◽  
Transition Cows

The aim of the study was to compare the efficiency of two energy preparations used at fixed doses, but for different lengths of time: 1) a loose mixture of propylene glycol and sodium propionate, and 2) a granular formulation of free fatty acids produced from palm oil and palm nut, non-degradable in the rumen.. A three-factorial experiment was carried out on 5 groups of Polish Black and White Holstein-Friesian cows (10 animals each) which were within the transition period. The aim of the experiment was to determine the effect of two energy preparations administered at a constant dose, but over different time periods, on the animals' performance, as well as on their milk yield and composition. The following treatment groups were formed: control group C, which received a standard diet; experimental groups G1 and G2, which received a dietary additive of a glucogenic preparation; and experimental groups F1 and F2, which received a free fatty acid preparation. The diet of the transition cows was supplemented with the full dose of the additives (500g/head/day) for 2 weeks before the expected calving and 3 or 6 weeks of lactation. The present research confirmed the benefits of dietary inclusion of energy supplements for transition cows. Supplementation with both glucogenic and free fatty acid preparations reduced the negative energy balance in the cow’s organism and improved milk production and composition. The milk yield, higher by ca. 10% for the cows fed diets with energy additives (relative to the control treatment), provides evidence of a substantial beneficial effect of supplemental dietary energy on the efficiency of cow milk production. In the present study, the best basic milk composition was obtained in the cows receiving a dietary addition of the glucogenic preparation at a dose of 500g/head/day until the end of the 6th lactation week. The animals from this group also had the highest milk yield evaluated for 305 days. In order to improve the energy balance in high-yielding transition cows, it is recommended that dairy managers apply feed energy additives based on propylene glycol and sodium propionate.

Influence of High Plasma Concentrations of Free Fatty Acids on Heart Rhythm in Healthy Fasting Men

2009 ◽  
Vol 205 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 299-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harald Wang ◽  
Knut Rasmussen ◽  
Harald Vik-Mo ◽  
Ole D. Mjøs ◽  
Helge Grendahl
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Heart Rhythm ◽  
High Plasma

The response of plasma minerals, free fatty acids and glucose to adrenaline and cortisol infusion in sheep

1986 ◽  
Vol 106 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah C. Bolton ◽  
T. E. C. Weekes
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Marked Decrease ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Plasma Calcium ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Plasma Phosphate ◽  
Plasma Sodium Concentration ◽  
Plasma Magnesium

SUMMARYAdrenaline was infused at three rates, 40, 15 or 3 μ/kg/h, in normal sheep and in sheep rendered hypercortisolaemic by infusion of cortisol at 150 μg/kg/h. In both normal and hypercortisolaemic animals, plasma concentrations of glucose and free fatty acids were increased by adrenaline treatment; plasma phosphate decreased with all treatments; plasma magnesium and potassium decreased on infusion of adrenaline at 40 or 15, but not at 3 μg/kg/h; plasma calcium decreased only on infusion of adrenaline in hypercortisolaemic animals, and plasma sodium concentration was unaffected by treatment.Induction of a degree of lipolysis likely to occur in the field was not associated with a marked decrease in plasma magnesium.

scholarly journals Circulating free fatty acids are increased independently of PPARγ activity after administration of poloxamer 407 to mice

2008 ◽  
Vol 86 (9) ◽  
pp. 643-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas P. Johnston ◽  
David J. Waxman
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Cholesterol Efflux ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Apolipoprotein A1 ◽  
Poloxamer 407 ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations

Poloxamer 407 (P-407) is a copolymer surfactant that induces a dose-controlled dyslipidemia in both mice and rats. Human macrophages cultured with P-407 exhibit a concentration-dependent reduction in cholesterol efflux to apolipoprotein A1 (apoA1) linked to downregulation of the ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1). Activators of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), as well as PPARα, increase expression of liver X receptor alpha (LXRα) in macrophages and promote the expression of ABCA1, which, in turn, mediates cholesterol efflux to apoA1. The present study investigated whether P-407 interferes with this signaling pathway. A transactivation assay was used to evaluate whether P-407 can either activate or inhibit the transcriptional activity of PPARγ. Because thiazolidinedione drugs (PPARγ agonists) improve glycemic control in type 2 diabetes by reducing blood glucose concentrations, P-407 was also evaluated for its potential to alter plasma insulin and blood glucose concentrations in wild-type (C57BL/6) and PPARγ-deficient mice. Additionally, because thiazolidinediones attenuate release of free fatty acids (FFAs) from adipocytes and, consequently, decrease circulating plasma levels of FFAs, plasma concentrations of circulating FFAs were also determined in P-407-treated mice. P-407 was unable to modulate PPARγ activity in cell-based transactivation assays. Furthermore, P-407 did not perturb plasma insulin and blood glucose concentrations after administration to mice. However, by an as yet unidentified mechanism, P-407 caused a significant increase in the serum concentration of FFAs in mice beginning 3 h after administration and lasting more than 24 h postdosing. It is concluded that P-407 does not interfere with the functional activity of PPARγ after administration to mice.

Consequences of genetic selection for increased milk production in European seasonal pasture based systems of milk production

2006 ◽  
Vol 99 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 141-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Dillon ◽  
D.P. Berry ◽  
R.D. Evans ◽  
F. Buckley ◽  
B. Horan
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
Selection For

scholarly journals Short Communication: Genetic Selection for Milk Production Increases Plasma Ghrelin in Dairy Cows

2006 ◽  
Vol 89 (9) ◽  
pp. 3471-3475 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.R. Roche ◽  
A.J Sheahan ◽  
L.M. Chagas ◽  
D.P. Berry
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Short Communication ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
Selection For

Changes in the plasma concentration of gastric inhibitory polypeptide and other metabolites in response to feeding in sheep

1992 ◽  
Vol 134 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. McCarthy ◽  
A. Faulkner ◽  
P. A. Martin ◽  
D. J. Flint
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Ruminant Animals ◽  
Time Courses ◽  
Long Chain

ABSTRACT Plasma concentrations of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP)-like activity were determined in sheep before and after refeeding following a 48-h fast. Plasma concentrations increased significantly after feeding, from about 250 pg/ml to about 550 pg/ml. Other metabolites in plasma also increased at this time, reflecting the absorption of nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract. Significant increases were observed in the plasma concentrations of acetate, β-hydroxybutyrate and triacylglycerol. By comparing the time-courses of the changes in concentration of GIP and other metabolites in plasma, possible sites of secretion and secretagogues of GIP in ruminant animals are proposed. The results demonstrate that GIP is secreted in response to nutrient absorption in adult ruminants and that, as in simple-stomached animals, the absorption of long-chain free fatty acids plays an important role in this secretion. Journal of Endocrinology (1992) 134, 235–240

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