A note on the metabolism of ca, P, Mg, Na and K by pigs growing at a high ambient temperature

SUMMARYTwo levels of feeding were offered at each of two air temperatures, 25° or 33°C, to pigs while they grew from 20 to 70 kg live weight; two pigs were subjected to each of the four treatments. Significant increases occurred in the urinary excretion of Ca and K by the two pigs fed on the higher level and exposed to 33°C. However these effects could not be related in an obvious way to the lameness which developed in the latter pigs.

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Effect of high ambient temperature on protein and lipid deposition and energy utilization in growing pigs

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1357729800052863 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 75 (1) ◽

pp. 85-96 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

L. Le Bellego ◽

J. van Milgen ◽

J. Noblet

Keyword(s):

Ambient Temperature ◽

Food Restriction ◽

Live Weight ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

High Ambient Temperature ◽

Energy Utilization ◽

Free Access ◽

Lipid Deposition ◽

Growth Responses ◽

Feeding Level

AbstractThe effects of high ambient temperature (T) on protein (PD) and lipid deposition (LD) and energy utilization were studied on 36 Piétrain ✕ (Landrace ✕ Large White) barrows according to a factorial design including two temperatures (23ºC for thermoneutrality and 30ºC for the high temperature) and four feeding levels. One feeding level corresponded to the voluntary food intake (VFI) at each temperature. Expressed as proportion of VFI at 23ºC, the actual feeding levels were 1·00, 0·90, 0·80, 0·70 at 23ºC and 0·80, 0·73, 0·68 and 0·62 at 30ºC. Animals were offered a wheat, maize and soya-bean meal based diet containing 187 g crude protein per kg and 0·95 g ileal standardized digestible lysine per MJ of net energy. Pigs were housed individually and had free access to water. The experiment started at 24 kg live weight and animals were slaughtered at 65 kg live weight and their body composition was measured. Slaughter of nine control pigs at the beginning of the experiment allowed calculation of the composition of gain (nutrients and energy) according to the comparative slaughter technique. Reduction of metabolizable energy (ME) intake resulted in a reduced live-weight gain at each T: the maximum gain was 1052 g/ day in pigs offered food ad libitum at 23ºC and the minimum (760 g/day) at the lowest intake at 30ºC. Visceral organ mass was lower at 30ºC than at 23ºC but was not affected by feeding level within T. Growth responses were described as polynomial or broken-line functions of ME intake (linear-plateau for PD). Both the slope and the plateau were influenced by T. At 30ºC, PDmax (143 g/day) was reached at 22·8 MJ ME per day, while at 23ºC PDmax (165 g/day) was reached at 28·4 MJ ME per day. In both cases, PDmax was reached at 0·88 of VFI at this temperature. Also the marginal response of PD to ME intake before the breakpoint was affected by T (5·9 and 4·5 g PD per MJ ME at 23ºC and 30ºC, respectively). At identical high ME intake (e.g. 0·80 of VFI at 23ºC), PD was greater at 23ºC than at 30ºC. In contrast, severe food restriction reduced PD at thermoneutrality more than an identical food restriction obtained at high ambient T. The results indicate that heat stress has a direct negative effect on PD and affects the partitioning of energy gain between protein and fat deposition.

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Effects of High Ambient Temperature and Bypass Protein Supplementation on Performance of Crossbred Lambs

Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Peternakan Indonesia (JITPI) Indonesian Journal of Animal Science and Technology ◽

10.29303/jitpi.v2i1.16 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 78

Author(s):

Dahlanuddin Dahlanuddin ◽

C.J. Thwaites ◽

J.V. Nolan

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

High Temperature ◽

Ambient Temperature ◽

Cottonseed Meal ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Control Diet ◽

Live Weight ◽

High Ambient Temperature ◽

Dry Matter Intake ◽

Ad Libitum

The objective of this experiment was to study the effect of dietary supplementation with a source ofbypass protein (cottonseed meal, CSM) on the performance of growing crossbred wethers fed lowdigestibility roughage at high ambient temperature. Sixteen unshorn Border Leicester x Merino lambsaged 6 months and weighing 24.90.37 kg were allocated into a 2x2 factorial design (2 diets and 2ambient temperatures). Each group was fed either wheaten chaff + 2% urea ad libitum or wheaten chaff +1% urea ad libitum + 100g/d cottonseed meal. The results show that respiration rate and rectal temperaturewere significantly affected by ambient temperature (P<0.01), but not by diet. Total dry matter intake wassignificantly higher (P<0.01) at lower temperature than at high temperature, and significantly higher(P=0.04) on the supplemented diet than on the control diet. Water intake tended (P=0.06) to be higher onthe CSM+ diet than on the control diet, and was significantly at greater (P<0.01) high ambient temperaturethan at low temperature. The concentration of NH3-N in the rumen fluid (ranged from 310±17 to 413±20mg N/L) did not differ significantly either between diets or ambient temperatures. Blood plasma ureanitrogen concentration was significantly higher in sheep on the control diet than in those on thesupplemented diet, and at low than high temperature. The organic matter digestibility was not significantlyaffected by temperature and diet. The rate of live weight gain was significantly (P<0.01) reduced by highambient temperature and the interaction between diet and temperature was significant (P<0.01). At lowtemperature, lambs on the supplemented diet grew significantly faster than those on the control diet, butnot at high temperature. In conclusion, high ambient temperature increases respiration rate, rectaltemperature and water intake but reduces dry matter intake and live weight gain. Supplementation with100 g/d of cottonseed meal could not outweigh the depressing effects of constant high ambienttemperature and humidity imposed in this experiment.

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The energy and protein metabolism of pigs growing at a high ambient temperature

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0003356100029937 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 117-133 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

C. W. Holmes

Keyword(s):

High Temperature ◽

Ambient Temperature ◽

Nitrogen Retention ◽

Live Weight ◽

High Ambient Temperature ◽

Fat Percentage ◽

Protein Retention ◽

Temperature Heat ◽

Low Levels ◽

Urinary Nitrogen

SUMMARY1. The experiment was designed to investigate the effect of growth at a high ambient temperature, 33–35°C, on the protein and energy metabolism of pigs, compared with 25°C. The high temperature caused an increase in rectal temperature of 1·4° to 1·7°C. The animals were given two low levels of feeding while growing between 25 and 70 kg live weight; energy and nitrogen retention were measured periodically.2. The apparent digestibilities of the dietary dry matter and energy were decreased and urinary nitrogen losses were increased at the high temperature. Heat production was increased at the high temperature, by between 2% and 10%, the effect becoming more pronounced during the course of the experiment. Retention of energy and nitrogen was reduced at the high temperature.3. The net efficiency of utilization of metabolized energy above maintenance was between 63% and 67%, and was not significantly affected by live weight or temperature. The results suggested that maintenance requirement was increased at the high temperature.4. Analyses of sample joints indicated that the high temperature caused an increase in fat percentage only at the higher level of feeding; this result agreed with fat and protein retention calculated from the balances.

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Growth and carcass fatness responses of finishing pigs to dietary fat supplementation at a high ambient temperature

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1357729800015149 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 62 (3) ◽

pp. 591-598 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

M. Katsumata ◽

Y. Kaji ◽

M. Saitoh

Keyword(s):

Ambient Temperature ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Growth Rates ◽

Dietary Fat ◽

Live Weight ◽

High Ambient Temperature ◽

Food Utilization ◽

Finishing Pigs ◽

Internal Organs ◽

Fat Supplementation

AbstractAn experiment involving 18 individually fed barrows weighing about 81 kg was conducted to determine the effects of a high ambient temperature (30°C v. 22°C) and dietary fat supplementation (100 g/kg diet of encapsulated-tallow v. 0 g/kg) on growth performance and carcass fatness of finishing pigs. Digestible energy (DE) intake and growth rates were significantly lower at a high ambient temperature (P < 0·001). Dietary fat supplementation considerably increased DE intakes at a high ambient temperature (40·0 v. 33·8 MJ/day) while slightly increasing it at a thermoneutral temperature (53·1 v. 50·6 MJ/day). Dietary fat supplementation tended to increase growth rates and significantly improved the efficiency of food utilization (P<0·01). Pigs with dietary fat supplementation exhibited greater enhancement in backfat depths, carcass fatness and internal organ fat at a high ambient temperature than at a thermoneutral temperature. Linear correlation between DE intake and crude fat concentration of carcasses was statistically significant at a high ambient temperature (P < 0·01, r = 0·71). Although there appeared to be a positive correlation, it was not statistically significant at a thermoneutral temperature (P > 0·05). Crude fat concentration of the internal organs linearly correlated with DE intake (P < 0·01, r = 0·66). However, fat concentration of the internal organs did not correlate to DE intake at a thermoneutral temperature. The present study indicated that although dietary fat supplementation improved growth performance of pigs over 81 kg live weight initially in hot environments, there was the disadvantage of excessive fat deposition in their bodies.

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