The energy and protein metabolism of pigs growing at a high ambient temperature

1973 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. W. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Ambient Temperature ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Protein Retention ◽  
Temperature Heat ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

SUMMARY1. The experiment was designed to investigate the effect of growth at a high ambient temperature, 33–35°C, on the protein and energy metabolism of pigs, compared with 25°C. The high temperature caused an increase in rectal temperature of 1·4° to 1·7°C. The animals were given two low levels of feeding while growing between 25 and 70 kg live weight; energy and nitrogen retention were measured periodically.2. The apparent digestibilities of the dietary dry matter and energy were decreased and urinary nitrogen losses were increased at the high temperature. Heat production was increased at the high temperature, by between 2% and 10%, the effect becoming more pronounced during the course of the experiment. Retention of energy and nitrogen was reduced at the high temperature.3. The net efficiency of utilization of metabolized energy above maintenance was between 63% and 67%, and was not significantly affected by live weight or temperature. The results suggested that maintenance requirement was increased at the high temperature.4. Analyses of sample joints indicated that the high temperature caused an increase in fat percentage only at the higher level of feeding; this result agreed with fat and protein retention calculated from the balances.

Further studies on the energy and protein metabolism of pigs growing at a high ambient temperature, including measurements with fasting pigs

1974 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. W. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Protein Metabolism ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Ambient Temperature ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Losses ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

SUMMARY1. The experiment was designed to compare the protein and energy metabolism of pigs growing at 25°c or 34°C. The pigs were given two levels of feeding while growing between 25 and 75 kg live weight.2. The high temperature was associated with increases in rectal temperature of 1·2 to 20°C. Both pigs on the higher level of feeding at 34°C became lame in their hind legs.3. The high temperature was also associated with increases in heat production and in urinary nitrogen and energy losses for pigs fed at the higher level of feeding only; however fasting heat production was not affected significantly by temperature. The high temperature had no effect on the apparent digestibility of the diet.4. It was calculated from data for pigs at both levels of feeding kept at 25°C, that efficiency of utilization of metabolizable energy (ME) above maintenance was 71%, and the maintenance requirement for ME was 100 kcal/kg0·75 day. Energy retention was reduced at 34°C in pigs fed on the higher level of feeding.

scholarly journals Effects of High Ambient Temperature and Bypass Protein Supplementation on Performance of Crossbred Lambs

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 78
Author(s):  
Dahlanuddin Dahlanuddin ◽  
C.J. Thwaites ◽  
J.V. Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Ambient Temperature ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Ad Libitum

The objective of this experiment was to study the effect of dietary supplementation with a source ofbypass protein (cottonseed meal, CSM) on the performance of growing crossbred wethers fed lowdigestibility roughage at high ambient temperature. Sixteen unshorn Border Leicester x Merino lambsaged 6 months and weighing 24.90.37 kg were allocated into a 2x2 factorial design (2 diets and 2ambient temperatures). Each group was fed either wheaten chaff + 2% urea ad libitum or wheaten chaff +1% urea ad libitum + 100g/d cottonseed meal. The results show that respiration rate and rectal temperaturewere significantly affected by ambient temperature (P<0.01), but not by diet. Total dry matter intake wassignificantly higher (P<0.01) at lower temperature than at high temperature, and significantly higher(P=0.04) on the supplemented diet than on the control diet. Water intake tended (P=0.06) to be higher onthe CSM+ diet than on the control diet, and was significantly at greater (P<0.01) high ambient temperaturethan at low temperature. The concentration of NH3-N in the rumen fluid (ranged from 310±17 to 413±20mg N/L) did not differ significantly either between diets or ambient temperatures. Blood plasma ureanitrogen concentration was significantly higher in sheep on the control diet than in those on thesupplemented diet, and at low than high temperature. The organic matter digestibility was not significantlyaffected by temperature and diet. The rate of live weight gain was significantly (P<0.01) reduced by highambient temperature and the interaction between diet and temperature was significant (P<0.01). At lowtemperature, lambs on the supplemented diet grew significantly faster than those on the control diet, butnot at high temperature. In conclusion, high ambient temperature increases respiration rate, rectaltemperature and water intake but reduces dry matter intake and live weight gain. Supplementation with100 g/d of cottonseed meal could not outweigh the depressing effects of constant high ambienttemperature and humidity imposed in this experiment.

Effects of weather and parasitic insects on behavior and group dynamics of caribou of the Delta Herd, Alaska

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (10) ◽  
pp. 1659-1670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank M. Mörschel ◽  
David R. Klein
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Group Dynamics ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
High Ambient Temperature ◽  
Alaska Range ◽  
North Central ◽  
Insect Abundance ◽  
Rates Of Change ◽  
The North

The influence of weather and parasitic insects on the behavior and group dynamics of caribou (Rangifer tarandus) of the Delta Herd in the north-central Alaska Range was investigated. Data on weather, insect abundance, and caribou behavior were collected during summer in 1994 and 1995. High ambient temperature had the greatest influence on activity budgets and rates of change in activity of caribou. In the insect season, rates of activity changes and standing increased and feeding decreased with high temperature. Rates of activity changes and moving increased and feeding decreased with high temperature, even in the absence of insects. Caribou decreased feeding and increased standing in the presence of oestrid flies, and increased the rate of activity changes in the presence of mosquitoes and oestrid flies. Weather, especially high temperature, and parasitic insects, particularly oestrid flies, affected caribou mainly by decreasing foraging opportunities and increasing energy-expending activities.

Response of Yankasa sheep to various lengths of water deprivation

1981 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 619-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. N. Umunna ◽  
C. N. Chineme ◽  
D. I. Saror ◽  
A. Ahmed ◽  
S. Abed
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Water Deprivation ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Severe Dehydration ◽  
Metabolism Study ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

SUMMARYThe effects of various lengths of water deprivation were studied with Yankasa sheep fed either a high roughage or a high concentrate diet in two experiments. Water was given once in 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. Free water intake decreased linearly (P < 0·01) as the period of water deprivation increased but feed intake was not similarly affected. There was a marked decrease in live-weight gain and consequently a decline in feed efficiency (kg gain/kg feed). In the metabolism study, there was a tendency towards reduced mean faecal and urinary nitrogen excretion, faecal moisture content and increased mean nitrogen retention and nitrogen and dry-matter digestibilities as the period of deprivation increased. Rams given water once in 72 and 96 h were very inactive and dull and one and three rams respectively, died of severe dehydration from those treatments in Expt 2.

Effect of high ambient temperature on protein and lipid deposition and energy utilization in growing pigs

2002 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Le Bellego ◽  
J. van Milgen ◽  
J. Noblet
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
High Ambient Temperature ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Lipid Deposition ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Feeding Level

AbstractThe effects of high ambient temperature (T) on protein (PD) and lipid deposition (LD) and energy utilization were studied on 36 Piétrain ✕ (Landrace ✕ Large White) barrows according to a factorial design including two temperatures (23ºC for thermoneutrality and 30ºC for the high temperature) and four feeding levels. One feeding level corresponded to the voluntary food intake (VFI) at each temperature. Expressed as proportion of VFI at 23ºC, the actual feeding levels were 1·00, 0·90, 0·80, 0·70 at 23ºC and 0·80, 0·73, 0·68 and 0·62 at 30ºC. Animals were offered a wheat, maize and soya-bean meal based diet containing 187 g crude protein per kg and 0·95 g ileal standardized digestible lysine per MJ of net energy. Pigs were housed individually and had free access to water. The experiment started at 24 kg live weight and animals were slaughtered at 65 kg live weight and their body composition was measured. Slaughter of nine control pigs at the beginning of the experiment allowed calculation of the composition of gain (nutrients and energy) according to the comparative slaughter technique. Reduction of metabolizable energy (ME) intake resulted in a reduced live-weight gain at each T: the maximum gain was 1052 g/ day in pigs offered food ad libitum at 23ºC and the minimum (760 g/day) at the lowest intake at 30ºC. Visceral organ mass was lower at 30ºC than at 23ºC but was not affected by feeding level within T. Growth responses were described as polynomial or broken-line functions of ME intake (linear-plateau for PD). Both the slope and the plateau were influenced by T. At 30ºC, PDmax (143 g/day) was reached at 22·8 MJ ME per day, while at 23ºC PDmax (165 g/day) was reached at 28·4 MJ ME per day. In both cases, PDmax was reached at 0·88 of VFI at this temperature. Also the marginal response of PD to ME intake before the breakpoint was affected by T (5·9 and 4·5 g PD per MJ ME at 23ºC and 30ºC, respectively). At identical high ME intake (e.g. 0·80 of VFI at 23ºC), PD was greater at 23ºC than at 30ºC. In contrast, severe food restriction reduced PD at thermoneutrality more than an identical food restriction obtained at high ambient T. The results indicate that heat stress has a direct negative effect on PD and affects the partitioning of energy gain between protein and fat deposition.

scholarly journals VIL1, a Polycomb-associated protein, modulates high ambient temperature response via H3K27me3 and H2A.Z in Arabidopsis thaliana

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yogendra Bordiya ◽  
Junghyun Kim ◽  
Yanpeng Xi ◽  
Dong-Hwan Kim ◽  
Youngjae Pyo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Epigenetic Regulation ◽  
Temperature Response ◽  
High Ambient Temperature ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Phd Finger ◽  
Finger Protein

AbstractAdapting to the everchanging environment is key to a successful life for an organism. Eukaryotes reprogram their transcriptome in order to adapt to an unfavorable environment. To achieve this reprogramming, plants and animals employ multiple responses including epigenetic regulation. In the search for mutations compromised in high ambient temperature response, we found that VIL1, a PHD finger protein displays aberrant development at high temperature. RNA-seq analysis shows that vil1 fails to downregulate heat suppressed genes. H2A.Z ChIP-seq showed that unlike wild type, vil1 fails to evict H2A.Z from heat responsive genes. We also found that vil1 suppresses constitutive thermo-morphogenic phenotype of arp6. Supporting this phenotype, RNA-seq analysis revealed that constitutive heat responsive transcriptome of arp6 reverted back to the wild-type levels in arp6vil1. This observation suggests an antagonistic relationship between VIL1 and ARP6. We found that this antagonism can be explained in part by interaction between H3K27me3 and H2A.Z.

A note on the metabolism of ca, P, Mg, Na and K by pigs growing at a high ambient temperature

1975 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. W. Holmes ◽  
N. D. Grace
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Ambient Temperature ◽  
Air Temperatures

SUMMARYTwo levels of feeding were offered at each of two air temperatures, 25° or 33°C, to pigs while they grew from 20 to 70 kg live weight; two pigs were subjected to each of the four treatments. Significant increases occurred in the urinary excretion of Ca and K by the two pigs fed on the higher level and exposed to 33°C. However these effects could not be related in an obvious way to the lameness which developed in the latter pigs.

Foetal stunting in sheep: 2. The effects of high ambient temperature during gestation on wool follicle development in the foetal lamb

1976 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 581-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Cartwright ◽  
C. J. Thwaites
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
High Ambient Temperature ◽  
Follicle Development ◽  
Apparent Effect ◽  
New Born ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Wool Follicle ◽  
Foetal Lamb

SummaryHotroom treatment of ewes during the last two-thirds of gestation resulted in the birth of lambs which were significantly lighter than lambs born to nutritionallydeprived ewes. Neither high temperature nor undernutrition had significant effect on the density of either primary or immature secondary wool follicles, but the total number of mature secondary follicles tended to decline in the lambs from unheated ewes as the level of nutrition declined, and was significantly reduced by a further 30 % in the hotroom group.In a second experiment, heated and unheated ewes fed to appetite were compared with unheated ewes pair-fed to the hotroom level of feed intake. High temperature had no apparent effect on maternal wool growth, but did reduce total wool follicle number in new-born lambs by approximately 50%. This effect was most marked with respect to mature secondary follicles (only 18% of unheated mean), less so in immature secondaries (56% of unheated mean), and barely discernible amongst primary follicles (93% of unheated mean). None of the differences in follicle numbers between the two unheated groups was significant.The results suggest that the effects of high temperature on wool follicle development in the sheep foetus are akin to those of extreme undernutrition.

The nutrition of the early-weaned calf. II. A comparison of commercial groundnut meal, heat-treated groundnut meal and fish meal as the major protein source in the diet

1961 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. G. Whitelaw ◽  
T. R. Preston ◽  
G. S. Dawson
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Major Protein ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Groundnut Meal ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

1. Nitrogen balance studies were conducted on 6 early-weaned calves fed three diets containing respectively commercial groundnut meal, heattreated groundnut meal and fish meal as the major protein sources.2. Nitrogen retention and live-weight gain differed significantly between diets, being highest on the fish meal diet and least on the commercial groundnut diet.3. Blood urea concentration was significantly lower on the fish meal diet than on either of the groundnut diets but differences between the groundnuts were not significant.4. Differences between diets in nitrogen utilisation were due almost entirely to differential urinary nitrogen losses.

scholarly journals A Step Toward High Temperature Intelligent Power Modules Using 1.5kV SiC-BJT

2010 ◽  
Vol 645-648 ◽  
pp. 1155-1158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominique Tournier ◽  
Pascal Bevilacqua ◽  
Pierre Brosselard ◽  
Dominique Planson
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Preliminary Analysis ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
High Ambient Temperature ◽  
Large Power ◽  
Turn On ◽  
Power Modules ◽  
Functional Blocks ◽  
Looking Back

Looking back to the development of inverters using SiC switches, it appears that SiC devices do not behave like their silicon counterparts. Their ability to operate at high temperature makes them attractive. Developing drivers suitable for 200 °C operation is not straightforward. In a perspective of high integration and large power density, it is wise to consider a monolithic integration of the driver parts for the sake of reliability. Silicon is not suitable for high ambient temperature; silicon-oninsulator offers better performances and presents industrial perspectives. The paper focuses on a SiC BJT driver: it processes logical orders from outside, drives adequately the BJT to turn it either on or off, monitors the turn-off and turn-on state of the device, and acts accordingly to prevent failure. SiC BJT imposes specific performances different from the well known ones of SiC JFET or MOSFET. The paper addresses a preliminary analysis of a SOI driver, anticipating the behavior of SiC-BJT and the change in behavior at high temperature. A discret driver has been designed and fabricated. Elementary functional blocks have been validated, and a BJT converter successfully operated at high temperature with high efficiency ( = 88%).

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