Systems of concentrate allocation for dairy cattle 2. A comparison of two patterns of allocation for autumn-calving cows offered two qualities of grass silage ad libitum

1984 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Taylor ◽  
J. D. Leaver
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Flat Rate ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Silage Quality ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Different Levels

ABSTRACTIn a 25-week experiment beginning at week 3 post partum, grass silages of 10·5 (H) and 8·9 (L) MJ metabolizable energy per kg dry matter (DM) were offered ad libitum to two groups of 24 autumn-calving dairy cows. Within each silage-quality group, two patterns of concentrate allocation were compared, a flat-rate (F) and a variable rate (V). All four treatment groups, HF, HV, LF and LV, received on average 1575 kg fresh weight per cow of a concentrate containing 170 g crude protein per kg during the 25 weeks. The cows on treatment F were all individually given 9 kg concentrate per day throughout. Individuals on the V treatments received different levels of concentrate, based initially on their 14-day milk yield and then reduced by 1 kg/day at 10, 15 and 20 weeks. For treatments HF, HV, LF and LV respectively, mean adjusted daily milk yields were, 24·4, 24·1, 21·6 and 22·1 kg; intakes of silage DM, 9·1, 8·7, 7·6 and 7·6 kg/day, and live-weight gains, 0·39, 0·31, 0·28 and 0·22 kg/day. The effects of silage quality were significant in each case, but the effects of pattern of concentrate allocation were not. Cows given the H silage produced milk with significantly greater lactose and solids-not-fat concentrations. During the residual period (2 weeks indoors and 14 weeks grazing) no significant differences in milk yield were observed. The 305-day yields of 6215, 6096, 5786 and 5824 kg for treatments HF, HV, LF and LV respectively, reflected the differences obtained during the indoor feeding period.

Systems of concentrate allocation for dairy cattle 1. A comparison of three patterns of allocation for autumn-calving cows and heifers offered grass silage ad libitum

1984 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Taylor ◽  
J. D. Leaver
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Fixed Rate ◽  
Flat Rate ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ad Libitum

ABSTRACTHigh quality grass silage (10·5 MJ metabolizable energy per kg dry matter (DM)) was offered ad libitum to three groups of autumn-calving dairy cattle, each group containing eight cows and eight heifers. In a 20-week period commencing at week 3 post partum each group received, on average, 1260 kg fresh weight of a concentrate containing 180 g crude protein per kg. Animals in treatment F each received a flat-rate of 9 kg concentrates per day throughout. In treatment D, a declining rate of 11, 10, 9, 8 and 7 kg/day was given in successive 4-week periods. Animals in treatment Y were each offered a fixed rate of concentrates (range 7 to 12 kg/day) based on their milk yield at 2 weeks post partum with a mean intake of 9 kg/day for the group. For treatments F, D and Y respectively, the mean daily milk yields were, 26·2, 26·7 and 26·9 kg for cows, and 19·5, 19·1 and 18·8 kg for heifers; mean live-weight gains were, 0·28, 0·30 and 0·22 kg/day for cows, and 0·41, 0·54 and 0·38 kg/day for heifers; and intakes of silage were, 10·1, 10·6 and 10·7 kg DM per day for cows, and 7·8, 7·7 and 7·3 kg DM per day for heifers. The differences between treatments were not significant but there were significant differences between cows and heifers. No significant differences were found between treatments in milk composition although heifers produced milk with significantly higher milk protein concentration (P < 0·05) and significantly greater milk lactose concentration (P < 0·01) than did cows. During the residual period (4 weeks indoors and 16 weeks grazing) all animals were treated as a single group and there were no significant differences in performance. The 305-day milk yields were not significantly different between treatments and averaged 6587 kg for cows, and 5124 kg for heifers.

A two-diet system andad libitumlactation feeding of the sow 1. Sow performance

1996 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Neil ◽  
B. Ogle ◽  
K. Annèr
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Backfat Thickness ◽  
Conventional Diet ◽  
Feeding Regimes ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Depth Condition

AbstractEffects of a two-diet system combined withad libitumlactation feeding of sows on food consumption, sow live weight (LW), backfat depth, condition scoring, rebreeding interval, symptoms of agalactia and culling were studied on 60 sows followed for four parities. Feeding regimes were: CR, conventional i.e. restricted during gestation and lactation; SA, a simplified diet offered at a restricted level during gestation and a conventional dietad libitumduring lactation; CA, conventional during gestation and the same dietad libitumduring lactation. During lactation CR sows consumed 5·9 kg food daily (71 MJ metabolizable energy (ME)), whereas SA and CA sows consumed on average 7·0 kg (85 MJ ME), the difference being larger in multiparous than in primiparous sows and larger in the first than in later weeks of lactation. From the second farrowing onward sows on CR treatment were lighter and had thinner backfat and lower condition scores than sows on CA treatment, with sows on SA treatment in between, i.e. approaching the CR sows in the gestation periods and the CA sows in the lactation periods. At first service LW was 130 kg and backfat thickness 14 mm. During the fourth lactation LW averaged 190 kg in CR sows and around 220 kg for SA and CA sows, and backfat thickness was 11 mm in CR sows and around 16 mm in SA and CA sows. SA sows tended to rebreed earlier after weaning than did CR or CA sows. CA sows and in particular SA sows had higher incidences of agalactia symptoms and higher rectal temperatures post partum than CR sows. The culling rates did not differ between feeding regimes, although the predominant causes for culling did, being shoulder lesions and abscesses in thin CR sows and leg disorders in SA and CA sows. At the end of the experiment, however, more SA sows than others were retained in the experimental herd. It was concluded that the SA feeding regime was superior in terms of sow performance, despite an increased incidence of agalactia symptoms.

Evaluating feeding strategies for dairy cows: a modelling approach

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Doyle
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Flat Rate ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Significant Economic Loss ◽  
Modelling Approach

ABSTRACTUsing a model to simulate food intake and the partition of food between milk production and live-weight gain, an attempt has been made to explore the financial implications of different levels and patterns of concentrate feeding, where silage is fed ad libitum. In the case of high-yielding cows it appeared that, although feeding more concentrates increased overall lactation yield, profits per cow and per hectare declined with increasing concentrate usage. This raises doubts concerning the traditional view that higher profits result from increasing yields per cow. Comparing different patterns of feeding it also appeared that there was no significant economic loss from flat-rate compared to stepped feeding of concentrates, where cows had ad libitum access to silage.

The effect of plane of nutrition in early lactation on the performance of beef cows

1979 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. G. Lowman ◽  
R. A. Edwards ◽  
S. H. Somerville ◽  
G. M. Jolly
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Mating Period ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein

ABSTRACTTwenty-one mature autumn-calving Blue Grey cows were divided into three groups for a 3-year change-over experiment, and each group was allocated to one of three planes of nutrition for the first 150 days of lactation during each year. Milk yields were recorded by machine milking twice daily. The three planes of nutrition corresponded to 1·63, 1·21 and 0·89 of the cow's maintenance allowance 12 h post partum. Increasing the plane of nutrition significantly (P<0·05) increased 150-day cumulative milk yield, but had no significant effect on milk composition. The extent of live-weight loss decreased significantly (P<0·001) as plane of nutrition increased and was reflected in cows maintaining better condition, measured as condition score, through the experimental period.The small 150-day cumulative milk yield response (32·8 kg per additional 10 MJ metabolizable energy and 62 g digestible crude protein/day) demonstrated the limitation of feeding beef cows for increased milk production in comparison with feeding the calf directly. However, the possible relationship between plane of nutrition, live-weight loss and fertility suggests an important limitation of under-feeding cows during the mating period. Within the constraints imposed, the medium treatment (64 MJ metabolizable energy and 516 g digestible crude protein/day) resulted in levels of cow performance similar to those currently recorded in commercial units. One of the major constraints in the present investigation was the high level of body reserves available in the cows at the start of lactation.

The effect of dietary metabolizable energy concentration upon the pre- and post-weaning performance of growing rabbits

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Butcher ◽  
M. J. Bryant ◽  
E. Owen ◽  
I. Leach ◽  
D. H. Machin
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Weight Gains

ABSTRACTTwenty-five Californian does were mated and given pelleted diets of either 8(LE) or 10(HE) MJ/kg dry matter (ruminant metabolizable energy values) throughout gestation and lactation. Litter sizes were adjusted to six offspring per doe. Milk yield was estimated from the weight differences of the litters before and after suckling, when the opportunity for nursing was confined to once daily. The young rabbits were allowed access to either the LE or HE diets from 18 days of age. Weaning took place at 32 days of age when four rabbits from each doe grouP × pre-weaning diet were slaughtered. Diet had no effect on litter size or birth weight, but does on the LE diet had lower live weights post partum (P < 0·05). Dry-matter consumption by the does on the LE diet was greater than for the HE diet (P < 0·05) both during gestation and lactation, but calculated metabolizable energy intakes were lower during lactation. There were no statistically significant differences between treatments for milk yield or live-weight gain to weaning and dry-matter intakes of the young at weaning, but daily live-weight gain from fostering to 18 days of age was greater for litters of does fed the HE rather than the LE diet (P < 0·05). There were no statistically significant differences between diets for carcass traits at weaning.After weaning, 32 rabbits were given either the LE or HE diet until 2 kg live weight when they were slaughtered. A post-weaning × pre-weaning diet interaction (P < 0·05) occurred for live weights of the rabbits at the start of the post-weaning trial (i.e. after a 10-day adaptation period) with LE: LE rabbits being lighter than other rabbits as a results of poor live-weight gains during the adaptation period. Live-weight gains to slaughter were greater for the pre-weaning LE diet (P < 0·05) and the post-weaning HE diet (P < 0·01), although dry-matter intakes of the HE diet were less (P < 0·05). Rabbits on the LE diet had greater empty gut weights (P < 0·05) and lighter livers (P < 0·05) at slaughter.

Systems of concentrate allocation for dairy cattle. 4. A comparison of two amounts and two patterns of allocation

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Taylor ◽  
J. D. Leaver
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Flat Rate ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Fat Yield

ABSTRACTFor 25 weeks starting at week 3 post partum autumn-calving dairy cows were offered either a flat rate of concentrates in which all cows received the same daily amount throughout the experiment (F), or a variable rate based on their individual milk yield at 2 weeks post partum, and which was reduced at weeks 10, 15 and 20 of the experiment (V). Two mean amounts of concentrates were compared, 11 kg/day (11) and 7 kg/day (7) and grass silage was available ad libitum. For treatments 11F, 11V, 7F and 7V respectively, mean milk yields were 26·2, 24·5, 21·5 and 21·3 kg/day, mean live-weight changes were +0·18, +0·07, -0·09 and -0·05 kg/day, and mean silage dry-matter intakes were 8·0, 7·1, 9·4 and 9·0 kg/day. Differences between systems of allocation were not significant, but differences between amounts of concentrates offered were significant. Due to the greater milk yield and milk fat concentration of the F system of allocation, milk fat yield was significantly greater than for the V system. The substitution rate of concentrates for silage dry matter was significantly greater during the first 10 weeks of the experiment than during the succeeding 15 weeks. In the residual period (3 weeks indoors and 14 weeks grazing), there were no significant effects on performance. The mean 305-day milk yields for 11F, 11V, 7F and 7V respectively were 6957, 6388, 5862 and 5901 kg.

scholarly journals Effect of different levels of dietary energy on growth and carcass traits of Black Bengal goat

2014 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
ME Kabir ◽  
MB Sarker ◽  
BK Saha ◽  
MAMY Khandoker ◽  
M Moniruzzaman
Keyword(s):  
Energy Levels ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Dressing Percentage ◽  
Gut Fill ◽  
Black Bengal Goat ◽  
Different Levels

The present study was aimed to know the effect of dietary energy levels on growth and carcass characteristics in Black Bengal goats. Nine female Black Bengal goats were divided into three groups having three goats in each group. Three iso-nitrogenous diets containing three levels of metabolizable energy (9.17, 10.40 and 11.63 MJ/kg DM) were randomly assigned to three groups. Goats were stall fed and slaughtered after 150 days of trial. Results showed that live weight gain was higher (28.3 ± 1.7 g/day) in high energy fed goats than others. There were no significant differences on total and daily average dry matter intake in different groups of goats. Body length was significantly higher in high energy fed group than others. Carcass weight and dressing percentage were also higher (p<0.05) in high energy fed goats. Caul fat and gut fill weight differed significantly (p<0.05) among the treatment groups, and higher caul fat and lower gut fill were obtained in high energy fed goats than others. In conclusion, high energy diet enhanced the growth, dressing percentage and carcass gain of female goats.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v43i2.20719 Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2014. 43 (2): 159-165 

Relationship between live weight, age and dry-matter intake for beef cattle after different levels of food restriction

1976 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Lopez Saubidet ◽  
L. S. Verde
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Different Levels

SummaryFive groups of 24 Aberdeen Angus steers, initially 8 months old and 185 kg in weight were subjected to varying degrees of restriction of energy intake, by feeding them on diets containing 1·45 to 2·85 Meal metabolizable energy (ME)/kg dry matter (DM) for 16 weeks. During the realimentation period that followed, all animals were fed ad libitum on the diet containing 2·85 Meal ME/kg DM. When realimentation began the feed consumption of all animals, which had been markedly different, rapidly became similar. When compared at equal live weight the restricted animals had higher intakes than the controls; at an equal age, however, feed intakes were practically the same. This led us to discard compensatory feed intake as a possible explanation for compensatory growth. Age explained 65% of the variability in feed intake, live weight explained 43% and both parameters jointly explained 73%. It is concluded that in restricted and realimented animals, age is a better predictor of feed intake than live weight. Compensatory growth is attributed to a lower maintenance requirement in restricted animals because of their lower live weight at the beginning of the realimentation period.

Ad libitumlactation feeding of sows introduced immediately before, at, or after farrowing

1996 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 497-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Neil
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Piglet Mortality

AbstractThe timing for introducingad libitumlactation feeding around farrowing was studied in an experiment comprising 20 blocks of three littermate sows and a total of 1085 piglets in 90 farrowings. Sows were given 2·2 kg daily of a diet containing 12·1 MJ metabolizable energy and 120 g digestible crude protein per kgfrom service untilad libitumfeeding was introduced either 4 days before expected farrowing (treatment BEF), the farrowing day (AT), or 3 days after farrowing (AFT). BEF and AT sows had a higher total daily food consumption during the experimental period, 5 days before farrowing to weaning at 35 (±3) days, than AFT sows (7·2, 7·2 and 6·6 kg, respectively). BEF and AT sows tended to have deeper ultrasonic backfat (BF) than AFT sows. The mobilization of body reserves during lactation was modest as reflected in negligible losses of live weight (LW) and BF, low serum concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids and creatinine, together with increasing serum urea concentrations as well as the high proportion of sows served within 8 days after weaning (over 90% of the primiparous sows). Sow rectal temperature increased on the farrowing day but was also influenced by feeding level. No cases of agalactia post partum were diagnosed. Litter size, piglet LW, piglet mortality and creep food consumption did not differ between treatments, although there was a tendency for lower LW and increased mortality, particularly of piglets crushed by the sow, in litters of AFT sows. It can be concluded that there was no advantage in delaying the introduction ofad libitumfeeding until after farrowing.

Systems of concentrate allocation for dairy cattle 3. A comparison of two flat-rate feeding systems at two amounts of concentrates

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. R. Moisey ◽  
J. D. Leaver
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Flat Rate ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Feeding Systems

ABSTRACTIn a 20-week experiment beginning at week 3 post partum, autumn-calving dairy cows were offered either a flat rate of concentrates in which all the cows received the same daily amount throughout the experiment (G). or a flat rate based on their individual milk yield at 2 weeks post partum (I). Two amounts of concentrates were compared and grass silage was available ad libitum. The amounts of concentrate were 6 kg/day (6) and 12 kg/day (12). In the I treatments the ranges of individual inputs were 4 to 8 and 9 to 15 kg/day for the 6 and 12 kg/day treatments respectively. For treatments 6G, 61, 12G, and 121 respectively, mean milk yields were 25·5, 25·7, 28·9 and 27·6 kg/day; mean live-weight changes +0·05, +0·04, +0·19 and +0·27 kg/day; and mean silage dry-matter intakes 11·1, 11·2, 8·1 and 7·5 kg/day. The differences between systems of allocation were not significant, but differences between amounts of concentrate offered were significant. The system of allocation had no significant effect on milk composition. In the residual period (2 weeks indoors and 19 weeks grazing) there were no significant effects on performance. The mean 305-day milk yields for 6G, 61, 12G and 121 respectively were 6376, 6422, 6720 and 6597 kg.

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