J. J. Thomson and the Structure of Light

1967 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 362-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell McCormmach
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Quantum Theory ◽  
Experimental Work ◽  
Electric Force ◽  
The Subject

SynopsisThis essay concerns an aspect of the speculative contributions of J. J. Thomson to a field of physics somewhat removed from that upon which his popular fame and scientific eminence were alike founded. He published a number of statements in the period 1903–1910 advocating a discontinuous structure of the electromagnetic field. His unorthodox conception of the field was based upon the presumed discreteness of Faraday's physical lines of electric force. While his ideas led to significant experimental work, they were not brought together in the form of a completed theory. It was at this same time that the quantum theory was independently evolving notions of a structure of the field, and Thomson's efforts at developing a theory of light were diverted into a protracted criticism of the hypothesis of quanta. In 1924–1936 he returned to the subject of the structure of light, but these latter speculations no longer had much relevance to contemporary physical thought.

Quantum Theory

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank S. Levin
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Quantum Theory ◽  
Uncertainty Principle ◽  
Quantum Spin ◽  
Quantum States ◽  
Wave Functions ◽  
Symbolic Representations ◽  
Quantum Numbers ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle

The subject of Chapter 8 is the fundamental principles of quantum theory, the abstract extension of quantum mechanics. Two of the entities explored are kets and operators, with kets being representations of quantum states as well as a source of wave functions. The quantum box and quantum spin kets are specified, as are the quantum numbers that identify them. Operators are introduced and defined in part as the symbolic representations of observable quantities such as position, momentum and quantum spin. Eigenvalues and eigenkets are defined and discussed, with the former identified as the possible outcomes of a measurement. Bras, the counterpart to kets, are introduced as the means of forming probability amplitudes from kets. Products of operators are examined, as is their role underpinning Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle. A variety of symbol manipulations are presented. How measurements are believed to collapse linear superpositions to one term of the sum is explored.

scholarly journals The Dirac Electron Consistent with Proper Gravitational and Electromagnetic Field of the Kerr–Newman Solution

Galaxies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Alexander Burinskii
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Quantum Theory ◽  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Dirac Equation ◽  
Higgs Field ◽  
Vacuum State ◽  
Relativistic String ◽  
Dirac Equations ◽  
Dirac Electron ◽  
Relativistic Scattering

The Dirac electron is considered as a particle-like solution consistent with its own Kerr–Newman (KN) gravitational field. In our previous works we considered the regularized by López KN solution as a bag-like soliton model formed from the Higgs field in a supersymmetric vacuum state. This bag takes the shape of a thin superconducting disk coupled with circular string placed along its perimeter. Using the unique features of the Kerr–Schild coordinate system, which linearizes Dirac equation in KN space, we obtain the solution of the Dirac equations consistent with the KN gravitational and electromagnetic field, and show that the corresponding solution takes the form of a massless relativistic string. Obvious parallelism with Heisenberg and Schrödinger pictures of quantum theory explains remarkable features of the electron in its interaction with gravity and in the relativistic scattering processes.

Parametric instabifity of transverse and Langmuir waves in a plasma

1975 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Fong Lee
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Kinetic Model ◽  
Multiple Time ◽  
Multiple Time Scale ◽  
Threshold Intensity ◽  
Langmuir Waves ◽  
Scale Perturbation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Parametric Instabilities

The parametric excitation of transverse and Langmuir waves by an externally-driven electromagnetic field of frequency (ω0 > 2ωp) in a warm and collisional plasma is studied, using the fluid equations. By an application of the multiple- time-scale perturbation method, the threshold intensity and the growth rate above threshold are obtained. The results are compared with those of Goldman (1969) and Prasad (1968), both of whom worked with a kinetic model.The theory of parametric instabilities in plasmas has been the subject of numerous investigations in recent years. Broadly speaking, the instabilities can be grouped into two categories: those for which the excited waves are purely electrostatic (see e.g. DuBois & Goldman 1965, 1967; Silin 1965; Lee & Su 1966; Jackson 1967; Nishikawa 1968; Kaw & Dawson 1969; Tzoar 1969; Sanmartin 1970; McBride 1970; Perkins & Flick 1971; Fejer & Leer 1972a, b; Bezzerides & Weinstock 1972; DuBois & Goldman 1972), and those for which one of the excited waves is electromagnetic (see e.g. Goldman & Dubois 1965; Montgomery & Alexeff 1966; Chen & Lewak 1970; Bodner & Eddleman 1972; Fejer & Leer 1972b; Lee & Kaw 1972; Forslund et al. 1972).

A new classical theory of electrons

1951 ◽  
Vol 209 (1098) ◽  
pp. 291-296 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Quantum Theory ◽  
Classical Theory ◽  
Physical Significance ◽  
Gauge Transformations

In the theory of the electromagnetic field without charges, the potentials are not fixed by the field, but are subject to gauge transformations. The theory thus involves more dynamical variables than are physically needed. It is possible by destroying the gauge transformations to make the superfluous variables acquire a physical significance and describe electric charges. One gets in this way a simplified classical theory of electrons, which appears to be more suitable than the usual one as a basis for a passage to the quantum theory.

XXVII.—The Inheritance of Long and Short Wings in the Weevil, Sitona hispidula, with a Discussion of Wing Reduction among Beetles

1928 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 665-735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorothy J. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Work ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wing Dimorphism ◽  
Wing Reduction ◽  
Hereditary Factors ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
Evolutionary Point

It is well known that in many orders of typically winged insects species occur which in the adult stage are apterous or have the wings so reduced in size that flight is impossible. Sometimes the reduction of wings affects one sex only, as in the case of the females of certain moths, but in the majority of cases it is exhibited by both sexes. In many instances wing dimorphism occurs irrespective of sex, one form of the species having fully developed wings and the other greatly reduced wings. In some species the wings are polymorphic. The problem of the origin of reduced wings and of other functionless organs is one of great interest from the evolutionary point of view. Various theories have been advanced in explanation, but in the majority of cases the various aspects of the subject are too little known to warrant discussion. More experimental work is required to show how far environmental conditions on the one hand, and hereditary factors on the other, are responsible for this phenomenon. Those species which exhibit alary dimorphism afford material for the study of the inheritance of the two types of wings, but only in a few cases has this method of research been utilized.

In Reply: Combinations of Antibiotics

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1960 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 499-499
Author(s):  
Robert J. Haggerty
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Clinical Data ◽  
Experimental Work ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Antimicrobial Combinations

I am delighted to have Dr. Jawetz again bring to the attention of your readers his definitive work on the subject of antimicrobial combinations. We certainly have no quarrel with the points he reiterates. Our choice of words, "It is not clear why these results are at variance with the experimental data of Jawetz or the clinical data of Lepper and Dowling," was probably unfortunate, for Dr. Jawetz points out why the results did differ from his experimental work.

scholarly journals Analysis of the results of the implementation of a structural and functional didactic model for the development of cartographic literacy in the training of students of pedagogical specialties

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 116-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marian Georgiev Delchev
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Experimental Work ◽  
Professional Competence ◽  
Nonparametric Methods ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Methods And Techniques ◽  
The Subject

The complexity of the components of the complex cartographic literacy and subject-oriented methodological professional competence, as well as the process of their formation, requires the use of specific diagnostic tools and parametric and nonparametric methods and techniques for quantitative and qualitative analysis. The subject of this paper is the model of the processing of data from the study, the main results found during the experimental work and their statistical and qualitative analysis.

scholarly journals Some arguments for the wave equation in Quantum theory

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 314-336
Author(s):  
Tristram de Piro ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Wave Equation ◽  
Quantum Theory ◽  
Continuity Equation ◽  
Wave Equations ◽  
Maxwell's Equations ◽  
Atomic System ◽  
Balmer Series ◽  
Inertial Frames ◽  
The Stability

We clarify some arguments concerning Jefimenko’s equations, as a way of constructing solutions to Maxwell’s equations, for charge and current satisfying the continuity equation. We then isolate a condition on non-radiation in all inertial frames, which is intuitively reasonable for the stability of an atomic system, and prove that the condition is equivalent to the charge and current satisfying certain relations, including the wave equations. Finally, we prove that with these relations, the energy in the electromagnetic field is quantised and displays the properties of the Balmer series.

scholarly journals SUPERLUMINAL SYNCHROTRON RADIATION

2018 ◽  
pp. 19-25
Author(s):  
M.A. Aginian ◽  
S.G. Arutunian ◽  
E.G. Lazareva ◽  
A.V. Margaryan
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Synchrotron Radiation ◽  
Vertical Direction ◽  
Outer Wall ◽  
Lorentz Factor ◽  
Electric Force ◽  
Orbit Plane ◽  
Radiation Emission ◽  
Beam Dynamic ◽  
Emission Point

To avoid complex computations based on wide Fourier expansions, the electromagnetic field of synchrotron radiation (SR) was analyzed using Lienard–Wiechert potentials in this work. The retardation equation was solved for ultrarelativistic movement of rotating charge at distances up to the trajectory radius. The radiation field was determined to be constricted into a narrow extended region with transverse sizes approximately the radius of trajectory divided by the particle Lorentz factor (characteristic SR length) cubed in the plane of trajectory and the distance between the observation and radiation emission point divided by the Lorentz factor in the vertical direction. The Lienard–Wiechert field of rotating charge was visualized using a parametric form to derive electric force lines rather than solving a retardation equation. The electromagnetic field of a charging point rotating at superluminal speeds was also investigated. This field, dubbed a superluminal synchrotron radiation (SSR) field by analogy with the case of a circulating relativistic charge, was also presented using a system of electric force lines. It is shown that SSR can arise in accelerators from “spot” of SR runs faster than light by outer wall of circular accelerator vacuum chamber. Furthermore, the mentioned characteristic lengths of SR in orbit plane and in vertical direction are less than the interparticle distances in real bunches in ultrarelativistic accelerators. It is indicating that this phenomenon should be taken into account when calculating bunch fields and involved at least into the beam dynamic consideration.

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