The addition of raspberries and blueberries to a starch-based food does not alter the glycaemic response

It is now known that health benefits associated with diets rich in fruit and vegetables may be partly derived from intake of polyphenols. Berry polyphenols may influence carbohydrate metabolism and absorption and hence postprandial glycaemia. To date, studies related to polyphenol effects on the glycaemic response have been completed only in liquids using either monosaccharides or disaccharides. It remains to be determined whether berries known to be rich in polyphenols can reduce the glycaemic response (GR) to a solid polysaccharide meal. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether berries alter postprandial hyperglycaemia and consequently the GR to a starchy food. Blood glucose was tested on seven occasions, on three occasions using a reference food and on four occasions using pancakes supplemented with either raspberries or blueberries or control pancakes containing similar amounts of fructose and glucose. Results showed that there were no differences in GR (blueberry 51·3 (sem5·7); raspberry 54·7 (sem5·6); blueberry control 43·9 (sem4·2); raspberry control 41·8 (sem6·4)), GR area under the curve or satiety index between any of the tests. The present study indicates that the ability of berries to reduce blood glucose from starch-based foods is unsubstantiated.

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Role of single serving form of dairy on satiety and postprandial glycaemia in young and older healthy adults

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/apnm-2018-0887 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 44 (12) ◽

pp. 1289-1296 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Shirley Vien ◽

Hrvoje Fabek ◽

Yurie Yamagishi ◽

Ying Ti Lee ◽

Bohdan L. Luhovyy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Skim Milk ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Post Treatment ◽

Dairy Proteins ◽

Postprandial Glycaemia ◽

Whole Milk

Dairy proteins reduce appetite and improve postprandial glycaemic response in adults. However, there are no reports of dairy in amounts usually consumed on satiety and postprandial glycaemia in either young or older adults. In a randomized crossover design, 30 healthy young adults (age: 23.5 ± 0.5 years; body mass index (BMI): 21.8 ± 0.4 kg/m2) and 30 healthy/overweight older adults (age: 65.2 ± 0.5 years; BMI: 24.7 ± 0.6 kg/m2) consumed 1 serving (according to manufacturers’ labels) of skim milk (0.1% milk fat (MF)), whole milk (3.25% MF), plain Greek yogurt (2% MF), cheddar cheese (31% MF), and water (energy-free control) after a 12-h fast. Subjective appetite was measured every 15–30 min over 3 h. Blood glucose and insulin were measured at baseline and every 15–30 min over 2 h. All dairy treatments reduced post-treatment subjective appetite area under the curve (AUC) over 3 h by 8%–17% more than water. Greek yogurt reduced appetite 3-h AUC more than skim and whole milk by 9% and 7%, respectively (p < 0.0001). Post-treatment blood glucose 2-h AUC was 42% lower in young compared with older adults (p = 0.003). It was also 52%–78% lower after cheese compared with milks and yogurt (p < 0.0001). Post-treatment insulin AUC after cheese was only 10%–15% of that after milks and Greek yogurt (p < 0.0001). We conclude that single servings of dairy differ in effect on postprandial satiety and glycaemia and merit consideration in management of metabolic syndrome.

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A Single-Dose of a Polyphenol-Rich Fucus Vesiculosus Extract is Insufficient to Blunt the Elevated Postprandial Blood Glucose Responses Exhibited by Healthy Adults in the Evening: A Randomised Crossover Trial

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox8020049 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 49 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Margaret Murray ◽

Aimee Dordevic ◽

Lisa Ryan ◽

Maxine Bonham

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Crossover Trial ◽

Blood Glucose Concentration ◽

Rice Flour ◽

Fucus Vesiculosus ◽

Healthy Adults ◽

Postprandial Hyperglycaemia ◽

Postprandial Blood Glucose ◽

Double Blind ◽

Postprandial Glycaemia

When healthy adults consume carbohydrates at night, postprandial blood glucose responses are elevated and prolonged compared to daytime.Extended postprandial hyperglycaemia is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Polyphenols are bioactive secondary metabolites of plants and algae with potential to moderate postprandial glycaemia. This study investigated whether a polyphenol-rich alga (Fucus vesiculosus) extract moderated postprandial glycaemia in the evening in healthy adults. In a double blind, placebo-controlled, randomised three-way crossover trial, 18 participants consumed a polyphenol-rich extract, a cellulose placebo and rice flour placebo (7:15 p.m.) prior to 50 g available carbohydrate from bread (7:45 p.m.), followed by three hours of blood sampling to assess glucose and insulin. A subset of participants (n = 8) completed the same protocol once in the morning with only the cellulose placebo (7:15 a.m.). No effect of the polyphenol-rich extract was observed on postprandial glycaemia in the evening, compared with placebos, in the group as a whole. However, in females only, peak blood glucose concentration was reduced following the polyphenol-rich extract. In the subset analysis, as expected, participants exhibited elevated postprandial blood glucose in the evening compared with the morning following the cellulose placebo. This was the first study to investigate whether a polyphenol intervention moderated evening postprandial hyperglycaemia. The lowering effect observed in females suggests that this warrants further investigation.

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Equicarbohydrate partial exchange of kiwifruit for wheaten cereal reduces postprandial glycaemia without decreasing satiety

Journal of Nutritional Science ◽

10.1017/jns.2016.30 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Suman Mishra ◽

Jinny Willis ◽

Juliet Ansell ◽

John Alexander Monro

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Random Order ◽

Partial Substitution ◽

Glycaemic Response ◽

Breakfast Cereal ◽

Glucose Response ◽

Postprandial Period ◽

Postprandial Glycaemia ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Blood Glucose Concentrations

AbstractKiwifruit is a carbohydrate food of low glycaemic potency which could potentially be exchanged for starch-based foods in management of postprandial glycaemia. The effect of equicarbohydrate partial exchange of kiwifruit varieties ‘Hayward’ green (GR) and ‘Zesy002’ (SunGold; SG) for a starchy wheat-based breakfast cereal (WB) on the characteristics of the postprandial glycaemic response and satiety was therefore determined. A total of twenty non-diabetic subjects (mean age 36 years; mean BMI 24·5 kg/m2) consumed four meals, each containing 40 g available carbohydrate, in random order, after an overnight fast. The meals were: (1) glucose; (2) 70·29 g breakfast cereal; (3) 200 g of GR plus breakfast cereal (30·93 g); and (4) 200 g of SG plus breakfast cereal (27·06 g). Throughout the 180 min postprandial period, capillary blood glucose concentrations were monitored, and satiety rated by a visual analogue scale. Partial kiwifruit substitution of WB significantly reduced postprandial glycaemic response amplitude (glucose, 3·91; WB, 3·66; WB + GR, 2·36; WB + SG, 2·31 mmol/l; least significant difference (LSD) 0·64; P < 0·001) and incremental area under the blood glucose response curve (0–120 min) (glucose, 228; WB, 180; WB + GR, 133; WB + SG, 134 mmol/l × min; LSD 22·7; P < 0·001). The area between baseline and response remained positive in kiwifruit-substituted meals but became negative after 120 min with glucose and WB, indicating that kiwifruit improved homeostatic control. Kiwifruit substitution of cereal did not significantly reduce satiety. We conclude that either ‘Hayward’ or ‘Zesy002’ kiwifruit may be used in equicarbohydrate partial substitution of starchy staple foods to reduce glycaemic response and improve glucose homeostasis without decreasing satiety.

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Effect of blood sampling schedule and method of calculating the area under the curve on validity and precision of glycaemic index values

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn20031054 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 91 (2) ◽

pp. 295-300 ◽

Cited By ~ 126

Author(s):

Thomas M. S. Wolever

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Normal Subjects ◽

Glycaemic Index ◽

Blood Sampling ◽

Oral Glucose ◽

Glycaemic Response ◽

Data Set ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Sampling Schedule

To evaluate the suitability for glycaemic index (GI) calculations of using blood sampling schedules and methods of calculating area under the curve (AUC) different from those recommended, the GI values of five foods were determined by recommended methods (capillary blood glucose measured seven times over 2·0 h) in forty-seven normal subjects and different calculations performed on the same data set. The AUC was calculated in four ways: incremental AUC (iAUC; recommended method), iAUC above the minimum blood glucose value (AUCmin), net AUC (netAUC) and iAUC including area only before the glycaemic response curve cuts the baseline (AUCcut). In addition, iAUC was calculated using four different sets of less than seven blood samples. GI values were derived using each AUC calculation. The mean GI values of the foods varied significantly according to the method of calculating GI. The standard deviation of GI values calculating using iAUC (20·4), was lower than six of the seven other methods, and significantly less (P<0·05) than that using netAUC (24·0). To be a valid index of food glycaemic response independent of subject characteristics, GI values in subjects should not be related to their AUC after oral glucose. However, calculating GI using AUCmin or less than seven blood samples resulted in significant (P<0·05) relationships between GI and mean AUC. It is concluded that, in subjects without diabetes, the recommended blood sampling schedule and method of AUC calculation yields more valid and/or more precise GI values than the seven other methods tested here. The only method whose results agreed reasonably well with the recommended method (ie. within ±5 %) was AUCcut.

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Postprandial glycaemic and appetite responses to cookies following in-corporation of Stevia and Moringa leaf powder

International Journal of Growth and Development ◽

10.25081/ijgd.2017.v1i1.4 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 3

Author(s):

Imran Khan

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Blood Glucose Concentration ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Postprandial Blood Glucose ◽

Caloric Test ◽

Postprandial Glycaemia ◽

Gastrointestinal Discomfort ◽

Lower Blood ◽

Leaf Powder ◽

Design And Methods

Background/objective: Medicinal plants including Stevia and Moringa constitute an important source of health-beneficial bioactive components and hence, their intake may beneficially modulate biomarkers of chronic diseases. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of cookies incorporating stevia and Moringa leaf powder on postprandial glycaemia, appetite, palatability and gastrointestinal wellbeing in humans. Design and methods: In a randomized crossover design, twenty healthy subjects consumed three iso-caloric test foods (each providing 50 g available carbohydrates) of control cookies (CC), stevia leaf-containing cookies (SC) and Moringa leaf-containing cookies (MC) as breakfast. Blood glucose and subjective appetite were measured at fasting and over 2 hours after consumption of the cookies. Palatability and gastrointestinal wellbeing were measured using standard questionnaires. Results: Compared to CC, MC resulted in a significant decrease in postprandial blood glucose concentration at 30 and 45 min (P = 0.002 and P = 0.003, respectively) and showed a tendency (P = 0.077) for lower blood glucose incremental area under the curve (iAUC). Subjects were significantly less hungry after SC and MC intake (P= 0.035 and P= 0.041, respectively) compared to CC. In addition, the SC resulted in significantly (P = 0.037) lower hunger incremental area over the curve (iAOC) compared to CC. All the cookies were liked by the subjects without any reported gastrointestinal discomfort. Conclusion: In conclusion, the results showed that compared to CC, MC improved postprandial glycaemia and reduced hunger, while SC reduced hunger only. Future studies are now warranted to explore the mechanisms responsible for these observed effects.

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Association between breakfast skipping and postprandial hyperglycaemia after lunch in healthy young individuals

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114519001235 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 122 (04) ◽

pp. 431-440 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hitomi Ogata ◽

Yoichi Hatamoto ◽

Yusuke Goto ◽

Eri Tajiri ◽

Eiichi Yoshimura ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Insulin Response ◽

Postprandial Hyperglycaemia ◽

Secondary Outcome ◽

Glycaemic Response ◽

Breakfast Skipping ◽

Average Blood Glucose ◽

The Difference ◽

Nefa Level ◽

Skipping Breakfast

AbstractBreakfast skipping has become an increasing trend in the modern lifestyle and may play a role in obesity and type 2 diabetes. In our previous studies in healthy young individuals, a single incident of breakfast skipping increased the overall 24-h blood glucose and elevated the postprandial glycaemic response after lunch; however, it was difficult to determine whether this response was due to breakfast omission or the extra energy (i.e. lunch plus breakfast contents). The present study aimed to assess the postprandial glycaemic response and to measure their hormone levels when healthy young individuals had identical lunch and dinner, and the 24-h average blood glucose as a secondary outcome. Nine healthy young men (19−24 years) participated in two-meal trials: with breakfast (three-meal condition) or without breakfast (breakfast skipping condition). During the meals, each individual’s blood glucose was continuously monitored. Skipping breakfast resulted in a significantly higher (P < 0·001) glycaemic response after lunch as compared with the glycaemic response after an identical lunch when breakfast was consumed. Despite the difference in the total energy intake, the 24-h average blood glucose was similar between the two-meal conditions (P = 0·179). Plasma NEFA level was significantly higher (P < 0·05) after lunch when breakfast was omitted, and NEFA level positively correlated with the postprandial glycaemic response (r 0·631, P < 0·01). In conclusion, a single incident of breakfast skipping increases postprandial hyperglycaemia, and associated impaired insulin response, after lunch. The present study showed that skipping breakfast influences glucose regulation even in healthy young individuals.

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The Timing of Activity after Eating Affects the Glycaemic Response of Healthy Adults: A Randomised Controlled Trial

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu10111743 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 1743 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Andrew Reynolds ◽

Bernard Venn

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Time Lag ◽

Healthy Adults ◽

Postprandial Blood Glucose ◽

Sedentary Control ◽

Glycaemic Response ◽

Glucose Response ◽

Blood Glucose Response ◽

Postprandial Glycaemia

There is scant information on how a time lag between the cessation of eating and commencement of physical activity affects postprandial glycaemia. Starting at baseline (t = 0), participants ingested white bread containing 50 g of available carbohydrates within 10 min. Using two crossover conditions, we tested the effect over 2 h on postprandial glycaemia of participants undertaking light activity at 15 or 45 min following baseline and compared it with a sedentary control condition. The activity involved cycling on a stationary ergometer for 10 min at 40 revolutions per min with zero resistance. Seventy-eight healthy adults were randomized to the 15 or 45 min activity arm and then randomised to the order in which they undertook the active and sedentary conditions. Cycling 45 min after baseline changed the course of the blood glucose response (likelihood ratio chi square = 31.47, p < 0.01) and reduced mean blood glucose by 0.44 mmol/L (95% confidence interval 0.14 to 0.74) at 60 min when compared with the sedentary control. No differences in postprandial blood glucose response were observed when cycling started 15 min after baseline compared with the sedentary control. Undertaking activity after waiting for 30 min following eating might be optimal in modifying the glycaemic response.

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Glycaemic index, palatability and acceptability of energy drinks prepared with β-glucan and whey protein

Food Research ◽

10.26656/fr.2017.4(2).312 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 421-430

Author(s):

Norsyahera Elena Natasha Amiruddin ◽

Mohd Nizam Zahary ◽

Bhaskar Raj Naresh ◽

Abbe Maleyki Mhd Jalil

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Whey Protein ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Energy Drinks ◽

Glycaemic Index ◽

Fasting State ◽

Glycaemic Response ◽

Short Term ◽

Glucose Response ◽

Functional Ingredients

β-Glucan (βG) and whey protein (WP) are two functional ingredients widely used to maintain desirable blood glucose and weight management. However, the effect of combining βG and WP is still not thoroughly explored. This study was aimed to determine the effects of combining βG and WP in energy drinks on glycaemic index (GI), palatability and acceptability. Ten females (22.0±0.64 years old, 20.6±0.24 kg/m²) randomly completed four trials (control drink, βG drink, WP drink and βG+WP drink) in a cross-over manner. Palatability and acceptability were measured using visual analogue scale (VAS). Capillary blood was collected at 0 min (fasting state, baseline) and 15, 30, 60 and 120 min after the test drinks and assayed for glucose. There were no significant differences in palatability and acceptability of test drinks compared with control (p>0.005). The incremental area under the curve (iAUC) for blood glucose responses showed no significant differences between all test drinks. Time x treatment showed a significant increased from 0 to 30 mins (peak) (p<0.005) for all test drinks. Blood glucose response significantly (p<0.005) decreased from 30 to 120 mins for all test drinks except control. There were no significant differences in GI of βG, WP, and βG+WP drinks compared with control (117%, 124% and 114%, respectively). This study suggested that drinks prepared with βG and WP were palatable and acceptable either per se or in combination but did not significantly reduce the GI compared with control drink. In addition, the drink prepared with βG and whey protein reduced short-term glucose but does not affect overall glycaemic response.

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Glycaemic responses to glucose and rice in people of Chinese and European ethnicity

10.26686/wgtn.12831854 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

M Kataoka ◽

BJ Venn ◽

SM Williams ◽

Lisa Te Morenga ◽

IM Heemels ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ethnic Differences ◽

Rice Variety ◽

Glycaemic Index ◽

Activity Levels ◽

Glycaemic Response ◽

Rice Varieties ◽

Adjusted Risk ◽

Postprandial Glycaemia ◽

Adjusted Risk Ratio ◽

Glucose Curve

Aims: Diabetes rates are especially high in China. Risk of Type 2 diabetes increases with high intakes of white rice, a staple food of Chinese people. Ethnic differences in postprandial glycaemia have been reported. We compared glycaemic responses to glucose and five rice varieties in people of European and Chinese ethnicity and examined possible determinants of ethnic differences in postprandial glycaemia. Methods: Self-identified Chinese (n = 32) and European (n = 31) healthy volunteers attended on eight occasions for studies following ingestion of glucose and jasmine, basmati, brown, Doongara® and parboiled rice. In addition to measuring glycaemic response, we investigated physical activity levels, extent of chewing of rice and salivary α-amylase activity to determine whether these measures explained any differences in postprandial glycaemia. Results: Glycaemic response, measured by incremental area under the glucose curve, was over 60% greater for the five rice varieties (P < 0.001) and 39% greater for glucose (P < 0.004) amongst Chinese compared with Europeans. The calculated glycaemic index was approximately 20% greater for rice varieties other than basmati (P = 0.01 to 0.05). Ethnicity [adjusted risk ratio 1.4 (1.2-1.8) P < 0.001] and rice variety were the only important determinants of incremental area under the glucose curve. Conclusions: Glycaemic responses following ingestion of glucose and several rice varieties are appreciably greater in Chinese compared with Europeans, suggesting the need to review recommendations regarding dietary carbohydrate amongst rice-eating populations at high risk of diabetes. © 2012 Diabetes UK.

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Effects of intragastric administration of L-tryptophan on the glycaemic response to a nutrient drink in men with type 2 diabetes — impacts on gastric emptying, glucoregulatory hormones and glucose absorption

Nutrition and Diabetes ◽

10.1038/s41387-020-00146-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Maryam Hajishafiee ◽

Rachel A. Elovaris ◽

Karen L. Jones ◽

Leonie K. Heilbronn ◽

Michael Horowitz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Gastric Emptying ◽

Plasma Glucose ◽

Glucose Absorption ◽

Intragastric Administration ◽

Glycaemic Response ◽

C Peptide ◽

Postprandial Glycaemia ◽

Glucoregulatory Hormones

Abstract Background The rate of gastric emptying and glucoregulatory hormones are key determinants of postprandial glycaemia. Intragastric administration of L-tryptophan slows gastric emptying and reduces the glycaemic response to a nutrient drink in lean individuals and those with obesity. We investigated whether tryptophan decreases postprandial glycaemia and slows gastric emptying in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods Twelve men with T2D (age: 63 ± 2 years, HbA1c: 49.7 ± 2.5 mmol/mol, BMI: 30 ± 1 kg/m2) received, on three separate occasions, 3 g (‘Trp-3’) or 1.5 g (‘Trp-1.5’) tryptophan, or control (0.9% saline), intragastrically, in randomised, double-blind fashion, 30 min before a mixed-nutrient drink (500 kcal, 74 g carbohydrates), containing 3 g 3-O-methyl-D-glucose (3-OMG) to assess glucose absorption. Venous blood samples were obtained at baseline, after tryptophan, and for 2 h post-drink for measurements of plasma glucose, C-peptide, glucagon and 3-OMG. Gastric emptying of the drink was quantified using two-dimensional ultrasound. Results Tryptophan alone stimulated C-peptide (P = 0.002) and glucagon (P = 0.04), but did not affect fasting glucose. In response to the drink, Trp-3 lowered plasma glucose from t = 15–30 min and from t = 30–45 min compared with control and Trp-1.5, respectively (both P < 0.05), with no differences in peak glucose between treatments. Gastric emptying tended to be slower after Trp-3, but not Trp-1.5, than control (P = 0.06). Plasma C-peptide, glucagon and 3-OMG increased on all days, with no major differences between treatments. Conclusions In people with T2D, intragastric administration of 3 g tryptophan modestly slows gastric emptying, associated with a delayed rise, but not an overall lowering of, postprandial glucose.

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