County Over Party: How Governors Prioritized Geography Not Particularism in the Distribution of Opportunity Zones

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
David Glick ◽  
Maxwell Palmer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Executive Branch ◽  
Distributive Politics ◽  
Central Function ◽  
Considerable Evidence ◽  
The World ◽  
Two Alternatives

Allocating resources is a central function of government, and the distributive politics literature provides considerable evidence of leaders around the world directing resources to co-partisan voters and officials. In the United States, studies of ‘presidential particularism’ have recently demonstrated strategic targeting by the federal executive branch. This letter extends the inquiry to states using an unusually rich case in which all governors simultaneously faced decisions about allocating a constrained resource – tax advantaged status for economic development – from an exogenously generated list of geographic possibilities. This study tests whether governors rewarded their supporters' and allies' areas alongside two alternatives: (1) spreading the wealth by geographic subunits and (2) policy need. It finds no evidence of gubernatorial particularism. Instead, Republicans and Democratic governors prioritized allocating opportunity zones geographically and made efforts to designate at least one in each county. They were also responsive to policy need.

scholarly journals Complementary and Competitive Regimes of Accumulation: Natural Resources and Development in the World-System

2012 ◽  
pp. 50-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Astra Bonini
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
World Economy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Economic Mobility ◽  
The World ◽  
Post War

During the post-war period, natural resource production has often been associated withperipheralization in the world-economy. This paper seeks to demonstrate that this associationdoes not hold when examined from a long-term perspective, and explains the conditions underwhich natural resource production can support upward economic mobility in the world-system.First, this paper provides evidence that the production of cash crops and resource extraction hasnot always equaled peripheralization in the world-economy, as demonstrated by, among otherthings, the upward economic mobility of the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealandduring the nineteenth century. It then puts forth a new hypothesis that the existence ofopportunities for raw material producing countries depends on whether the hegemonic regime ofaccumulation at a given time structures the economy in a way that is either complementary orcompetitive to the economic development of raw material producing countries. By examining theBritish centered regime of accumulation during the nineteenth century, we find that it wascomparatively complementary to economic development in raw material producing countrieswhereas the twentieth century United States centered regime was comparatively competitive withraw material producers. Based on a comparison with Britain and the United States, the paperalso suggests that China’s increasingly central role in the world-economy may be comparativelycomplementary to economic development in raw material producing countries.

Kennedy

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry Riley
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Food Abundance ◽  
Food Aid ◽  
White House ◽  
The World ◽  
Food For Peace

From his very first day in office, John F. Kennedy was intent on using America’s food abundance to help reduce hunger in the world. Among his first appointments were George McGovern as his White House director of Food for Peace and Orville Freeman, also a proponent of food aid used for economic development, as his secretary of agriculture. This chapter relates how Kennedy, in his short three years in office, sought to reorient American food aid from surplus disposal to economic development in the world’s poorer countries, and it recounts the failure of his administration to deal successfully with the continuing farm problems in the United States.

Introductory Essay: Transportation and the Evolution of the American Economic Republic

1984 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Albro Martin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Coastal Plain ◽  
The United States ◽  
Open Ocean ◽  
War Of 1812 ◽  
Slow Start ◽  
Promised Land ◽  
The World ◽  
Land Mass

Transportation, especially inland transportation, has played a more important role in the economic development of the United States than that of any other nation. After a long, slow start in which it faced the necessity of dealing across 3,000 miles of open ocean, the young nation found itself expanding westward across an equally vast land mass, without much idea of how its people might conveniently get to the Promised Land or how they would send its fruits back to market. Until the problem of inland transportation began to be solved following the War of 1812, America remained just another of the important maritime nations of the world, tied to a coastline and the few miles of coastal plain that bordered it. Such areas of the world had been virtually synonymous with “civilization” for many centuries; but in a generation or two after about 1815, the ancient domination of the sea was emphatically erased.

scholarly journals SOCIAL INNOVATIONS IN THE EDUCATIONAL SPACE AS A DRIVER OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN SOCIETY

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (38) ◽  
pp. 538-548
Author(s):  
I. Sysoieva ◽  
O. Miklukha ◽  
N. Pozniakovska ◽  
О. Balaziuk ◽  
O. Miklukha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
United States ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Higher Education Institutions ◽  
Public Procurement ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Innovations ◽  
The World ◽  
The Eu

Abstract. The main provisions of the conceptualization of the introduction of social innovations in education and science, which constitute the internal content and is one of the main essential forms of economic development of modern society, are substantiated. It has been studied that the leading countries in terms of the number of the most innovative companies in the world are industrialized countries, high-income countries, as the United Kingdom (not a member of the EU since 2020), Ireland, Cyprus. However, Bulgaria, Italy, Malta, Germany, Portugal, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia and the Czech Republic remain the least educated countries in recent years. There is a need for in-depth reforms of the education system and focusing on additional research missions. and business activities. It has been proven that one of the most important and widespread elements of the architecture of innovation infrastructure in the world, which is a supply component, is higher education institutions (HEIs), and the largest number of leading universities is in the United States and the United States. Kingdom. The role of social initiatives in increasing the competitiveness of Ukrainian higher education institutions is highlighted. budget funds in the future. The normative basis for such implementation may be the EU Public Procurement Directive. Based on a study of foreign experience in innovation, it was found that to stimulate innovation of domestic enterprises is important to improve the legislation governing issues related to innovation; improvement of innovation structure: creation of innovation centers, consulting centers, innovation banks; development of development programs and active state support of innovatively active enterprises and financial stimulation of competitiveness of Ukrainian universities and increase of motivational incentives for teachers of educational institutions. Keywords: social sphere, innovations, innovation project, rating of world innovations, investments, sustainable development, innovations in education.  JEL Classification M41, H20, Н44, А1 Formulas: 0; fig.: 1; tabl.: 7; bibl.: 13.

The Dependency Model of Latin American Underdevelopment: Three Basic Fallacies

1973 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Ray
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Expansion ◽  
Basic Premise ◽  
The World ◽  
Dependency Model

This article attempts to examine the set of propositions loosely known as the dependency model of Latin American underdevelopment. The dependency model attributes such underdevelopment to the economic expansion of highly developed capitalist countries, particularly the United States. The model was first elaborated by Latin American economists and has subsequently acquired numerous adherents in the United States, especially among younger political scientists.The basic premise of the dependency model is that the economic development of Latin America has been determined and limited by the needs of the dominant economies in the world capitalist market. Because they are thus conditioned and limited, the Latin American economies are described as “dependent.”

Bilateral Channels: Activities in the Social Field

1960 ◽  
Vol 329 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-56
Author(s):  
Charles I. Schottland
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Programs ◽  
Social Field ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World

Since World War II, "social" programs have expanded rapidly throughout the world and there has been in creasing recognition that in the economic development of less- advanced nations, social development must keep pace if nations are to avoid social dislocations frequently associated with in dustrial and urban expansion. Bilateral programs have not given adequate attention to the social aspects of economic development. The United States has made its largest contri bution in the social field in the area of technical assistance to "community development," a movement with broad political, social, and economic implications which is spreading through out the world and is aimed at improving village life. The International Co-operation Administration (ICA) has also en gaged in training of personnel and direct service in the social field but has instructed that social programs must contribute to economic development. Other countries have likewise en gaged in bilateral programs in the social field, but, as in the United States program, they have minimized activities in the social field as compared to economic development programs. Increased attention to social factors can minimize the social problems associated with rapid economic development and in dustrialization and this is urged for future United States pro grams since the United States has the largest bilateral program in the world.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of the Foundation of Chinese and American Analytical Centers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lou Wei
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Policy Decision ◽  
The United States ◽  
Think Tanks ◽  
Think Tank ◽  
Internal Conflicts ◽  
Strategic Resources ◽  
The World ◽  
The U.S

Think Tanks are the organizations specialized in the research of development, in which experts and scholars of various disciplines using data to analyze the required disciplines or fields, and come up with optimal solutions to problems. In the beginning, the establishment of Think Tanks was to give advice on policy-decision of foreign and domestic policies. With the development and needs of the society, the types of Think Tanks have been diversified. The United States was the first country to found Think Tanks in the world. With accurate and comprehensive analysis and judgment, the U.S. Think Tanks have extensive and in-depth contact with the ruling authorities and have deep influence in the public, influencing the major decisions of the U.S. politics, economy, society, military, diplomacy, science and technology. In the past three decades, China has made great achievements in economic development. Although the current situation of Chinese Think Tanks’ development ranks second in the world in terms of the total volume, the influence is still limited and the quality needs to be improved. At present, influential Think Tanks mainly gather in Beijing, Shanghai and other political and economic centers, most of which are comprehensive and mainly focus on national strategy. In the process of transformation to new types, the main problems of Think Tanks are inability to provide forward-looking and time-sensitive products, are lack of reasonable talent composition and internal division of labor, and are difficulty in forming an effective government, society and international influence. By comparing the development of think tanks between the United States and China, this paper proposes that there are significant differences in the construction and application of think tanks between the two countries. As a developing country, China has to keep improving its own think tanks, vigorously raise the number and scale of the private think tanks, and intensify their influence steadily so that a relatively mature think tank market can be developed gradually. Talents pool is the most important strategic resources in the 21st century. In order to make rapid economic development and cope with the international situation, almost every country is attaching a great importance to the training of the talents at home and the talent introduction from other countries. Relatively speaking, the construction and development of think tanks is crucial to the strategic talents reserve. Only by constantly filling the think tanks with more talents can China cope with the ever-changing international situation and have a better solution to the internal conflicts. Key words: Think Tanks; China; the United States; Sino-U.S. Relations.

At the Cusp of Transformation

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Srinath Raghavan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Prime Minister ◽  
The United States ◽  
The World ◽  
Indian Foreign Policy ◽  
Fundamental Shift

This chapter examines Indian foreign policy under Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi (1984–89). It argues that during these years, Indian foreign policy was significantly reoriented. Gandhi made important moves to recast India’s relations with the United States and China. Although no major breakthroughs were achieved, his engagement with them set the tone and pattern for the approach and policy of all subsequent governments. In India’s own neighbourhood, his policies had a more activist edge. But the outcomes were mixed. Perhaps the most fundamental shift in foreign policy was Gandhi’s recognition that India’s modernization and economic development required greater and more adroit engagement with the world and that foreign policy had to be geared towards securing these objectives.

scholarly journals CONVERGENCE THEORY AND CONTEMPORARY TRENDS: A COMMENT BY JAMES K. GALBRAITH

2020 ◽  
Vol 225 (5) ◽  
pp. 138-142
Author(s):  
GALBRAITH JAMES KENNETH ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
World Economy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Convergence Theory ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The World

Convergence theory did not develop as its authors expected in either the United States or the Soviet Union, but the core principles nevertheless guided the economic development of the countries now emerging as the industrial powerhouses of the world economy, notably Germany, Japan, Korea and the People’s Republic of China.

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