Notes on the distribution and biology of Pediobius furvus (Gah.) (Hym., Eulophidae), a parasite of graminaceous stem-borers

1970 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 681-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. I. Mohyuddin
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Sesamia Calamistis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stem Borers ◽  
Single Host ◽  
Host Pupa ◽  
Dentichasmias Busseolae ◽  
Apanteles Sesamiae

Pediobius furvus (Gah.) (Eulophidae) is a parasite of the pupae of Pyralid and Noctuid stem-borers on graminaceous crops in Africa between 17°N and 17°S. It co-exists with the other pupal parasites Dentichasmias busseolae Heinr. and Procerochasmias nigromaculatus (Cam.) (Ichneumonidae) and Hyperchalcidia soudanensis Steffan (Chalcididae), but it is more abundant below 4000 ft where P. nigromaculatus does not occur. Mating follows a courtship dance, and oviposition occurs in any part of the host pupa. The life-cycle is completed in 18–20 days at 30°C, and up to several hundred adults may emerge from a single host pupa, the most suitable pupae being 2–3 days old at the time of oviposition. Longevity was improved when sucrose was provided as food. Host pupae outside the stem were parasitised, but puparia of Diptera and cocoons of Apanteles sesamiae Cam. (Braconidae) were not parasitised in the laboratory. Pupae formed inside cocoons were not attacked. Pediobius furvus has become established in Madagascar on Sesamia calamistis Hmps, and is considered promising for biological control of graminaceous stem-borers in other countries.

Distribution, biology and ecology of Dentichasmias busseolae Heinr. (Hym., Ichneumonidae), a pupal parasite of graminaceous stem-borers (Lep., Pyralidae)

1972 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. I. Mohyuddin
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Constant Temperature ◽  
Busseola Fusca ◽  
Sesamia Calamistis ◽  
Eldana Saccharina ◽  
Stem Borers ◽  
Humid Climate ◽  
Pupal Parasite ◽  
Dentichasmias Busseolae ◽  
Ethiopian Region

Dentichasmias busseolae Heinr., an important pupal parasite of Pyralid graminaceous stem-borers in East Africa, is widely distributed in the Ethiopian Region but is more abundant in areas with an equatorial humid climate. In the laboratory adults mated immediately after emergence and started oviposition the same day. The female oviposits only in a borer pupa without a cocoon in a stem, and oviposition is stimulated by the presence of the frass of Chilo partellus (Swinh.) larvae. D. busseolae does not attack Busseola fusca (Fuller), Sesamia calamistis Hmps. or Eldana saccharina Wlk. in the field but these were accepted for oviposition when exposed in C. partellus pupation tunnels or with frass of C. partellus larvae, and were suitable for development. D. busseolae could complete its development in one- to eight-day-old C. partellus pupae when the pupal period of C. partellus was 10·5 days. The life-cycle was completed in 15–19 days at a mean temperature of 25°C, but could not be completed at a constant temperature of 30°C; temperatures fluctuating between 22°C and 30°C were not detrimental. At Namulonge (Uganda) percentage parasitism showed a positive correlation with rainfall, with a lag of about a month.

scholarly journals The influence of two wildfires and biological control agents on the population dynamics of Melaleuca quinquenervia in a seasonally inundated wetland

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-8
Author(s):  
Philip W. Tipping ◽  
Melissa R. Martin ◽  
Jeremiah R. Foley ◽  
Ryan M. Pierce ◽  
Lyn A. Gettys
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Seedling Recruitment ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Seed Rain ◽  
The Other ◽  
Melaleuca Quinquenervia ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Seedling Mortality ◽  
Sapling Growth

AbstractThe potential of Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S.T. Blake to reinvade cleared areas was evaluated over a 13-yr period that included two wildfires and the introduction of biological control agents. The first wildfire occurred in 1998 and was followed by a mean of 591.5 recruited seedlings m−2. Recruits from that fire were cleared 7 yr later in July 2005 for a second experiment to evaluate seedling recruitment into cleared areas. Seed rain, seedling recruitment and mortality, and sapling growth rates were measured in four plots located around individual large reproductive trees. A second natural wildfire in 2007 burned through those plots, leading to increases in seed rain followed by a pulse in recruitment of 21.04 seedlings m−2, 96.5% fewer than after the 1998 fire. Recruits in half of the plots around each tree were then treated with regular applications of an insecticide to restrict herbivory by biological control agents, while herbivory was not restricted in the other half. There was no difference in seedling mortality between treatments 1,083 d post-fire (2007) with 96.6% seedling mortality in the unrestricted herbivory treatment and 89.4% mortality in the restricted herbivory treatment. Recruits subjected to the restricted herbivory treatment grew taller than those in the unrestricted herbivory treatment, 101.3 cm versus 37.4 cm. Many of the recruits were attacked by the biological control agents, which slowed their growth. Although solitary M. quinquenervia trees retain some capacity to reinvade areas under specific circumstances, there was a downward trend in their overall invasiveness at this site, with progressively smaller recruitment cohorts due to biological control agents. Land managers should prioritize removing large reproductive trees over treating recently recruited populations, which can be left for many years for the biological control agents to suppress before any additional treatment would be needed.

scholarly journals Development and reproduction of Podisus distinctus (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) fed on larva of Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae)

2004 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Lacerda ◽  
A. M. R. M. Ferreira ◽  
T. V. Zanuncio ◽  
J. C. Zanuncio ◽  
A. S. Bernardino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Bombyx Mori ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Heteroptera Pentatomidae ◽  
Bombyx Mori L ◽  
Chemical Products ◽  
Coleoptera Tenebrionidae

Biological control has been reducing the use of chemical products against insect pests, specially predatory Pentatomidae. Species of this group can present high variations in their life cycle as a result of their diet. Thus, the objective of this research was to study nymph development and reproduction of Podisus distinctus (Stäl, 1860) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) fed on Bombyx mori L., 1758 (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) larvae (T1), compared to those fed on Tenebrio molitor L., 1758 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) (T2) and Musca domestica L., 1758 (Diptera: Muscidae) larvae (T3) at a temperature of 25 ± 0.5ºC, relative humidity of 70 ± 2%, and photophase of 12 h. Predators fed on B. mori showed duration of the nymph phase (18.68 ± 1.02) similar to those fed on T. molitor (18.32 ± 1.49). Pre-oviposition and oviposition periods and number of egg masses, besides eggs and nymphs per female, were higher with B. mori (5.83 ± 2.02; 15.00 ± 7.40; 8.42 ± 1.84; 296.69 ± 154.75; and 228.55 ± 141.04, respectively) while longevity of males and females of P. distinctus was 25.76 ± 16.15 and 35.00 ± 16.15 days with T. molitor, and 20.57 ± 13.60 and 23.46 ± 12.35 days with B. mori, respectively.

A revision of the Indo-Australian species of Stenobracon (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) parasitoids of lepidopterous stem borers of graminaceous crops

1996 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Jamil ◽  
K. Chishti ◽  
Donald L.J. Quicke
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Principal Components Analysis ◽  
Principal Components ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Stem Borers ◽  
Australian Species ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Components Analysis ◽  
Subjective Synonym

AbstractThe genus Stenobracon Szépligeti which contains species of economic importance for biological control of lepidopterous borers of sugarcane, rice and other graminaceous crops in Asia, is revised. Principal components analysis was employed to help delineate species. Six species, distributed from Pakistan to Australia, are recognized. Stenobracon brevis, S. clarus and S. malensis are described as new and Stenobracon nicevillei (Bingham), S. deesae (Cameron) and S. oculatus Szépligeti are redescribed. Illustrated keys for males and females are provided. Phanaulax levituberculatus Cameron is a new junior subjective synonym of S. nicevillei and S. trifasciatus Szépligeti is a new junior subjective synonym of S. oculatus. Elphea flavomaculata Cameron is synonymized with Ischnobracon (Bracon) laboriosus Cameron (comb. n). Host records are summarized.

The butterfly squid Stoloteuthis leucoptera in the Mediterranean

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lidia Orsi Relini ◽  
Daniela Massi
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
The Other ◽  
Otter Trawl ◽  
Ligurian Sea ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Unique Species ◽  
Recent Immigration

The presence of Stoloteuthis leucoptera in the Mediterranean is recorded on the basis of three specimens, including an adult male, caught by IKMT and by commercial otter-trawl in the Ligurian Sea. The hypothesis of a recent immigration is discussed.The list of Mediterranean cephalopods (Mangold Wirz, 1963; Torchio, 1968; Bello, 1986; Mangold & Boletzsky, 1987) includes the Sepiolidae of the subfamily Heteroteuthinae, whose members are supposed to be pelagic throughout their life cycle. Mangold Wirz (1963) recognizes in the Mediterranean fauna the unique species Heteroteuthis dispar, the other authors include H. atlantis Voss, which Voss himself (1955) reported at Messina. To this group may now be added Stoloteuthis leucoptera (Verrill, 1878) a species until now recorded in limited Atlantic areas. Verrill (1881) wrote “This species is an exceedingly beautiful one, when living, owing to the elegance and brilliancy of its colours and the gracefulness of its movements. In swimming it moves its fins in a manner analogous to the motion of the wings of a butterfly.”

Comparative biology and ecology of Apanteles flavipes (Cam.) and A. sesamiae Cam. as parasites of graminaceous borers

1971 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. I. Mohyuddin
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Sesamia Calamistis ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Comparative Biology ◽  
East African ◽  
Diatraea Saccharalis ◽  
General Account ◽  
Commonwealth Institute

A panteles flavipes (Cam.) and A. sesamiae Cam. are important parasites of graminaceous borers in the Oriental and Ethiopian Regions, respectively. Both have been utilised for biological control. A. sesamiae has become the commonest parasite of Sesamia calamistis Hmps. in Mauritius (Anon., 1954), while A. flavipes has become remarkably successful against Diatraea saccharalis (F.) in Barbados (Simmonds, 1969a). In view of the interest engendered in these parasites, particularly the latter, by these successes, a general account is presented here of their biology, based on published data and on the author's observations at the East African Station (Kawanda, Uganda) of the Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control.

scholarly journals Biology of the Wild SilkmothAnaphe panda(Boisduval) in the Kakamega Forest of Western Kenya

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Mbahin ◽  
S. K. Raina ◽  
E. N. Kioko ◽  
J. M. Mueke
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Developmental Period ◽  
The Other ◽  
Western Kenya ◽  
Kakamega Forest ◽  
Pupal Period ◽  
Indigenous Forest

A study on the life cycle of the silkmothAnaphe panda(Boisduval) was conducted in two different habitats of the Kakamega Forest in western Kenya: Ikuywa, an indigenous forest, and Isecheno, a mixed indigenous forest. Eggs were laid in clusters, and the incubation period ranged from 40 to 45 days. Larvae fed onBridelia micrantha(Hochst) and passed through seven instars. The developmental period took between 83 to 86 days in the dry season and 112 to118 days in the rainy season. The pupal period ranged between 158 and 178 days in the rainy season and, on the other hand, between 107 and 138 days in the dry season. But the later caught up in development with those that formed earlier. Moths emerged from mid-October until mid-May. Longevity of adultAnaphe pandamoths took between 4 and 6 days, but generally females seemed to live longer than males. The moth also seems to have higher lifespan in the indigenous forest compared to the mixed indigenous forest.

Studies on Theocolax formiciformis Westw. (Hym., Pteromalidae), a parasite of Anobium punctatum (Deg.) (Col., Anobiidae)

1964 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 797-803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean M. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Wood Surface ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Glass Plate ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Cent Relative Humidity ◽  
Anobium Punctatum

A description is given of the life-cycle in Britain of Theocolax formiciformis Westw. (Pteromalidae), a parasite of Anobium punctatum (Deg.) (Anobiidae). Adults emerge from infested wood in large numbers from April to June. Eggs are laid through the wood surface and use was made of this habit as a means of rearing this parasite under observation in the laboratory. Anobium larvae were placed individually in channels gouged in the surface of 3-inch squares of plywood. They were covered with tracing paper and the parasites were caged on this by means of a glass ring covered with a glass plate. Development from egg to adult at 22 and 25°C., and 75 per cent, relative humidity, averaged about five and six weeks, respectively, compared with 12 weeks outdoors in summer. The number of progeny per female was highest (approximately five) at 22°C., at which the ratio of males to females was 1:3. Only about one per cent, of the adults reared were winged. The use of Theocolax as a biological-control agent is not considered practical.

scholarly journals Speed and Sustainability When Entering New Market

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 12458
Author(s):  
Gwang Seok Kim ◽  
Young Hoon Lee
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Entry Mode ◽  
The Other ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Optimal Size ◽  
Construction Time ◽  
Business Excellence ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Mature Market ◽  
Job Prospects

When constructing a factory to enter new markets, the optimal size to respond to demand is determined by the construction time. Hyundai Motor Company (Hyundai), on the other hand, standardizes the size of its factories to speed up the entry and response to demand. The Hyundai’s entry mode, called SPEED, is modeled as a strategy. The strategy is evaluated of excellence with capacity expansion rules formalized, key parameters identified, and mathematical programming. The SPEED strategy is suited for market followers who want to enter a midscale or mature market in terms of business excellence and more sustainable throughout the factory’s life cycle on the side of sustainability. Shorter construction times, as a result of the SPEED strategy, can help to prevent environmental damage while also standardization can increase job prospects for local workers.

scholarly journals MUTATIONS INCREASING ASEXUAL PLASMODIUM FORMATION IN PHYSARUM POLYCEPHALUM

Genetics ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 401-420
Author(s):  
Paul N Adler ◽  
Charles E Holt
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Mating Type ◽  
Physarum Polycephalum ◽  
The Other ◽  
Type Allele ◽  
Cold Sensitive ◽  
The One

ABSTRACT Rare plasmodia formed in clones of heterothallic amoebae were analyzed in a search for mutations affecting plasmodium formation. The results show that the proportion of mutants varies with both temperature (18°, 26° or 30°) and mating-type allele (mt1, mt2, mt3, mt4). At one extreme, only one of 33 plasmoida formed by mt2 amoebae at 18° is mutant. At the other extreme, three of three plasmodia formed by mt1 amoebae at 30° are mutant. The mutant plasmodia fall into two groups, the GAD (greater asexual differentiation) mutants and the ALC (amoebaless life cycle) mutants. The spores of GAD mutants give rise to amoebae that differentiate into plasmodia asexually at much higher frequencies than normal heterothallic amoebae. Seven of eight gad mutations analyzed genetically are linked to mt and one (gad-12) is not. The gad-12 mutation is expressed in strains with different alleles of mt. The frequency of asexual plasmodium formation is heat sensitive in some (e.g., mt3 gad-11), heat-insensitive in two (mt2 gad-8 and mt2 gad-9) and cold-sensitive in one (mt1 gad-12) of twelve GAD mutants analyzed phenotypically. The spores of ALC mutants give rise to plasmodia directly, thereby circumventing the amoebal phase of the life cycle. Spores from five of the seven ALC mutants give rise to occasional amoebae, as well as plasmodia. The amoebae from one of the mutants carry a mutation (alc-1) that is unlinked to mt and is responsible for the ALC phenotype in this mutant. Like gad-12, alc-1 is expressed with different mt alleles. Preliminary observations with amoebae from the other four ALC mutants suggest that two are similar to the one containing alc-1; one gives rise to revertant amoebae, and one gives rise to amoebae carrying an alc mutation and a suppressor of the mutation.

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