Comparative study of resistance to organophosphate and carbamate insecticides in four strains of the Culex pipiens L. complex (Diptera: Culicidae)

1986 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 505-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. H. Tang ◽  
R. J. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Esterase Activity ◽  
Culex Pipiens ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Piperonyl Butoxide ◽  
Lower Sensitivity ◽  
Pyrethroid Insecticides ◽  
Carbamate Insecticides ◽  
High Production ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
General Esterase

AbstractFive strains of Culex pipiens L. (four resistant and one susceptible) were compared at the fourth larval instar for tolerance to organophosphate, carbamate and pyrethroid insecticides, with and without the addition of three synergists (piperonyl butoxide, triphenyl phosphate (TPP) and S, S, S-tributyl phosphorotrithiote (TBPT)). The DAR/D strain from Tanzania showed the highest levels and broadest range of resistance (temephos 37 ×, malathion 579×, propoxur 3032× and permethrin 100×). A strain from Rangoon and two from France (S54, BLEUET) showed lower resistance, restricted to organophosphates. Temephos and malathion resistance in the RANGOON strain was strongly inhibited by TBPT but not by TPP or piperonyl butoxide. Temephos and permethrin resistance in the DAR/D strain was slightly inhibited by TBPT and permethrin resistance by piperonyl butoxide. The DAR/D, RANGOON and CfCA (susceptible) strains were also compared for general esterase activity and phosphatase activity, both of which were higher in the resistant strains. It is concluded that resistance in RANGOON is associated with high production of an esterase sensitive to inhibition by TBPT but with little or no sensitivity to TPP, resembling but not identical in properties with the enzyme in strain S54 investigated earlier. Resistance in DAR/D was also associated with some increase in esterase activity, but the basis of resistance was different from that in S54 and RANGOON, having a much lower sensitivity to inhibition by TBPT.

Carbamate and organophosphate resistance in Culex pipiens L. (Diptera: Culicidae) in southern France and the significance of Est-3A

1984 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 677-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Wood ◽  
N. Pasteur ◽  
G. Sinégre
Keyword(s):  
Culex Pipiens ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Piperonyl Butoxide ◽  
Southern France ◽  
Organophosphate Resistance ◽  
Metabolic Component ◽  
Carbamate Insecticides ◽  
Fourth Larval Instar ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Tributyl Phosphorotrithioate

AbstractThree French strains of Culex pipiens L. were compared at the fourth larval instar for tolerance to organophosphate and carbamate insecticides, with and without the addition of synergists (the oxidase inhibitors piperonyl butoxide and CGA 84708) (a propynyl compound) and the carboxylesterase inhibitors triphenyl phosphate (TPP) and S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (TBPT). The S54 strain was resistant to all the organophosphates tested (chlorpyrifos, malathion, monocrotophos and profenofos) compared to the susceptible LA VIS strain but only slightly tolerant to the two carbamates (carbaryl and naphthyl phenylcarbamate). The MAURIN strain was resistant to all the insecticides, including the carbamates, at a higher level. The action of chlorpyrifos and malathion on S54 was very strongly synergised by TBPT, less strongly by TPP and not at all by piperonyl butoxide. In fact, resistance was enhanced by piperonyl butoxide, as was resistance to monocrotophos and profenofos by CGA 84708. No synergist had much effect on the MAURIN strain, although TPP slightly increased the toxicity of malathion, and piperonyl butoxide and CGA 84708 slightly increased the toxicity of carbaryl. The toxic effect of carbaryl was also increased by the addition of extra acetone. Electrophoretic studies showed that the carboxylesterase enzyme coded by gene Est-20.64 (which is in linkage disequilibrium withEst-3A and acts as a marker for it) was absent from LA VIS but present in the resistant strains; but, whereas S54 was monomorphic for the gene, MAURIN was polymorphic (frequency 0·5). It is concluded that organophosphate resistance in S54 was due to detoxification by carboxylesterase wherease organophosphate and carbamate resistance in MAURIN had a strong non-metabolic component, possibly an insensitive acetylcholinesterase.

CONTACT TOXICITY OF SOME PYRETHROID INSECTICIDES, ALONE AND IN COMBINATION WITH PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE, TO INSECTICIDE-SUSCEPTIBLE AND PYRETHROID-RESISTANT STRAINS OF THE COLORADO POTATO BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)

1986 ◽  
Vol 118 (11) ◽  
pp. 1173-1176 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.R. Harris ◽  
S.A. Turnbull
Keyword(s):  
Colorado Potato Beetle ◽  
Leptinotarsa Decemlineata ◽  
Piperonyl Butoxide ◽  
Contact Toxicity ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
Pyrethroid Insecticides ◽  
Carbamate Insecticides ◽  
Potato Beetle ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
A Minor

AbstractLaboratory tests showed that a Colorado potato beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), strain collected from potatoes on a farm near Sherbrooke, Quebec, and known in 1979 to be resistant to most recommended organochlorine, organophosphorus, and carbamate insecticides, also had developed 23- to 38-fold levels of resistance to the pyrethroid insecticides permethrin, fenvalerate, and cypermethrin by 1982. Piperonyl butoxide (PB) had only a minor effect on fenvalerate and deltamethrin toxicity to insecticide-susceptible CPB and on deltamethrin toxicity to pyrethroid-resistant CPB. However, PB effectively synergized fenvalerate in pyrethroid-resistant CPB, e.g. a 1:8 fenvalerate:PB mixture was 12-fold more toxic than fenvalerate alone.

Temephos resistance in Simulium damnosum Theobald (Diptera: Simuliidae): a comparative study between larvae and adults of the forest and savanna strains of this species complex

1989 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 659-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Hemingway ◽  
A. Callaghan ◽  
D. C. Kurtak
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Esterase Activity ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Glutathione Transferase ◽  
Oxidative Activity ◽  
Simulium Damnosum ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
General Esterase

AbstractTemephos resistance in savanna cytospecies of Simulium damnosum Theobald s.l. and the forest cytospecies S. sanctipauli Vajime & Dunbar, from West Africa is correlated with an increase in general esterase activity. Metabolism studies indicated that esterase products were the major metabolities in both forest and savanna resistant strains of S. damnosum s.l. compared to the susceptibles. In the presence of an esterase synergist, a large amount of the oxon analogue of temephos was produced by the resistant forest cytospecies S. sanctipauli. This strain is also resistant to chlorphoxim, and it is likely that the increase in oxidative activity observed is connected with the chlorphoxim rather than the temephos resistance. There was no evidence of glutathione transferase-, oxidase- or acetylcholinesterase-based temephos resistance machanisms in the savanna species of S. damnosum s.l.

The Scientific Basis for the Prevention of Zooanthroponoze Vector-Borne Diseases Spread by Parasitic Arthropods of the Center of the East European Plain

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-88
Author(s):  
Fedor I. Vasilevich ◽  
Anna M. Nikanorova
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Culex Pipiens ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Piperonyl Butoxide ◽  
East European Plain ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Kaluga Region

The purpose of the research is development of preventive measures against zooanthroponoze vector-borne diseases spread by parasitic arthropods in the Kaluga Region. Materials and methods. The subject of the research was Ixodidae, mosquitoes, and small mammals inhabiting the Kaluga Region. The census of parasitic arthropods was carried out on the territory of all districts of the Kaluga Region and the city of Kaluga. Open natural habitat and human settlements were investigated. Weather conditions from 2013 to 2018 were also taken into account. For the purposes of the study, we used standard methods for capturing and counting arthropods and mouse-like rodents. In order to obtain mathematical models of small mammal populations, a full factorial experiment was conducted using the collected statistical data. In-process testing of the drug based on s-fenvalerate and piperonyl butoxide were carried out under the conditions of the agricultural collective farm “Niva” of the Kozelsky District, the Kaluga Region, and LLC “Angus Center of Genetics” of the Babyninsky District, the Kaluga Region. Results and discussion. In the Kaluga Region, two species of ixodic ticks are found, namely, Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor reticulatus, which have two activity peaks. Mosquito may have 3-4 generations in a year in the Kaluga region. The most common mosquito species in the Kaluga Region are Aedes communis, Ae. (Och.) togoi and Ae. (Och.) diantaeus, Culex pipiens Culex Linnaeus, 1758 (Diptera, Culicidae) (Culex pipiens): Cx. pipiens f. pipiens L. (non-autogenic form) and Cx. p. f. molestus Fors. (autogenic form), which interbreed, and reproductively isolated in the Region. The developed mathematical models make it possible to quantify the risks of outbreaks of zooanthroponoze vector-borne diseases without the cost of field research, and allow for rational, timely and effective preventive measures. Medications based on s-fenvalerate and piperonyl butoxide and based on cyfluthrin showed high insecto-acaricidal efficacy and safety.

Resistance to pyrethroid insecticides in Culex pipiens pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) from Tunisia

Acta Tropica ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 107 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jabeur Daaboub ◽  
Raja Ben Cheikh ◽  
Ali Lamari ◽  
Ibtissem Ben Jha ◽  
Mohamed Feriani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Culex Pipiens ◽  
Pyrethroid Insecticides ◽  
Culex Pipiens Pipiens

Relative Fitness of Three Organophosphate-Resistant Strains of Culex pipiens pattens (Diptera: Culicidae)

1998 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 716-719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wang Jinfu ◽  
Lu Shaohong ◽  
Chen Rui ◽  
Wang Lingling
Keyword(s):  
Culex Pipiens ◽  
Relative Fitness ◽  
Resistant Strains

Detection of esterase activity in susceptible and organophosphate resistant strains of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae)

1997 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Rosario-Cruz ◽  
E. Miranda-Miranda ◽  
Z. Garcia-Vasquez ◽  
M. Ortiz-Estrada
Keyword(s):  
Esterase Activity ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Sds Page ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Coomassie Brilliant ◽  
Naphthyl Acetate

AbstractTwo organophosphate (OP) resistant strains of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) from Mexico and Costa Rica were used to analyse the presence of esterase activity associated with resistance. The concentrations of six major proteins in both resistant strains were increased compared to the susceptible Morelos strain, both when stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue after SDS-PAGE, and when analysed for esterase activity by the hydrolysis of naphthyl acetate esters. Esterases were named A or B in relation to the substrate preference for alpha or beta naphthyl acetate and numbered according to their position on the SDS—PAGE. The molecular weights of these proteins were: 125, 115, 108, 77, 43 and 67 Kd for Est-Bl, Est-B2, Est-B3, Est-B4, Est-B5 and Est-A respectively. Est-B3 showed cholinesterase (ChE) activity. This study strengthens the hypothesis that the mechanism associated with OP resistance found in many other insects includes an increase of esterase activity, probably as a result of gene amplification. The genes encoding these enzymes could be potentially used as molecular markers to detect resistance in the cattle tick B. microplus using a DNA probe.

scholarly journals Mechanisms of Resistance to Ceftolozane/Tazobactam in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Results of the GERPA Multicenter Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damien Fournier ◽  
Romain Carrière ◽  
Maxime Bour ◽  
Emilie Grisot ◽  
Pauline Triponney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Hydrolytic Activity ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
High Production ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Recycling Pathway ◽  
French Hospital ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Moderately Resistant

Resistance mechanisms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to ceftolozane/tazobactam (C/T) were assessed on a collection of 420 nonredundant strains non-susceptible to ceftazidime (MIC > 8 μg/ml) and/or imipenem (> 4 μg/ml), collected by 36 French hospital laboratories over a one month period (GERPA study). Rates of C/T resistance (MIC > 4/4 μg/ml) were equal to 10% in this population (42/420 strains), and 23.2% among the isolates resistant to both ceftazidime and imipenem (26/112). A first group of 21 strains (50%) was found to harbor various extended-spectrum β-lactamases (1 OXA-14; 2 OXA-19; 1 OXA-35; 1 GES-9; 3 PER-1), carbapenemases (2 GES-5; 1 IMP-8; 8 VIM-2), or both (1 VIM-2/OXA-35; 1 VIM-4/SHV-2a). All the strains of this group belonged to widely distributed epidemic clones (ST111, ST175, CC235, ST244, ST348, ST654), and were highly resistant to almost all the antibiotics tested except colistin. A second group was composed of 16 (38%) isolates moderately resistant to C/T (MIC from 8/4 to 16/4 μg/ml), of which 7 were related to international clones (ST111, ST253, CC274, ST352, ST386). As demonstrated by targeted mass spectrometry, cloxacillin-based inhibition tests and gene blaPDC deletion experiments, this resistance phenotype was correlated to an extremely high production of cephalosporinase PDC. In part accounting for this strong PDC upregulation, genomic analyses revealed the presence of mutations in regulator AmpR (D135N/G in 6 strains) and enzymes of the peptidoglycan recycling pathway such as AmpD, PBP4, and Mpl (9 strains). Finally, all the 5 (12%) remaining C/T resistant strains (group 3) appeared to encode PDC variants with mutations known to improve the hydrolytic activity of the β-lactamase to ceftazidime and C/T (F147L, ΔL223-Y226, E247K, N373I). Collectively, our results highlight the importance of both intrinsic and transferable mechanisms in C/T resistant P. aeruginosa. Which mutational events lead some clinical strains to massively produce the natural cephalosporinase PDC remains incompletely understood.

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