Mass rearing of the common field cricket, Gryllus pennsylvanicus burmeister (Orthoptera, Gryllidae), for use as a test insect in toxicological studies

1964 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 805-809 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Harris ◽  
H. J. Svec
Keyword(s):  
Milk Powder ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Field Cricket ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Nymphal Stage ◽  
Gryllus Pennsylvanicus ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Toxicological Studies ◽  
The Common

A method of rearing Gryllus pennsylvanicus Burm. is described, designed to yield large numbers of first-instar nymphs of uniform age for toxicological investigations Nymphs are reared to the fourth instar in glass vessels containing a little soil, which prevents cannibalism, and then transferred to glass-topped stock cages having sides and floors of aluminium screening and each accommodating 250 individuals. A mixture of dog-food pellets, oatmeal and milk powder, with fresh oats or clover, is provided throughout as food, and petri dishes of moist fine sand for oviposition. After separation from the sand by sieving, the eggs are incubated in moist soil at 24°C. for one month, subjected to 4°C. for three months to eliminate the obligate diapause, and then returned to 24°C., when 70 per cent, hatch after 15–18 days. The diapause enables eggs to be stored at 4°C. until required. At 24°C., the nymphal stage lasted about 81 days, the adult males and females, which are produced in equal numbers, survived about 62 and 56 days, respectively, oviposition extended over 11 weeks and the average number of eggs laid per female was 970·6.

scholarly journals Bioecological aspects of the common black field cricket, Gryllus assimilis (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) in the laboratory and in Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) plantations

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-89
Author(s):  
Marcus Vinicius Masson ◽  
Wagner de Souza Tavares ◽  
Jacyr Mesquita Alves ◽  
Pedro José Ferreira-Filho ◽  
Leonardo Rodrigues Barbosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Management ◽  
Tectona Grandis ◽  
Saccharum Officinarum ◽  
Field Cricket ◽  
Biological Research ◽  
Juniperus Virginiana ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Nymphal Stage ◽  
Black Field ◽  
The Common

The common black field cricket, Gryllus assimilis (Orthoptera: Gryllidae), damages young plants of red cedar, Juniperus virginiana (Cupressaceae); strawberry, Fragaria × ananassa (Rosaceae); sugarcane, Saccharum officinarum (Poaceae); teak, Tectona grandis (Lamiaceae); upland cotton, Gossypium hirsutum (Malvaceae); and, mainly, Eucalyptus spp. (Myrtaceae). The objective of this study was to investigate the biological and behavioral parameters of this insect in the laboratory and in Eucalyptus spp. plantations in Inhambupe, Bahia State, Brazil. The incubation period and the viability of G. assimilis eggs were 11.87 days and approximately 22%, respectively. The duration of the nymphal stage was 62.34 days with approximately 60% of the nymphs obtained in the laboratory being females. The average number of egg batches per female, eggs per female, and eggs per batch per female of this insect were 25.50, 862.17, and 34.65, respectively. G. assimilis females lived for 76.50 days in the adult stage, and 138.34 days in total, from egg through nymph to adult. Males produced three characteristic sounds: one for the marking of territory, one for courtship, and one when alone. G. assimilis fed primarily on weeds but, in their absence, it damaged young Eucalyptus spp. plants. This paper presents important data on the biology and behavior of G. assimilis; this information may encourage additional biological research, laboratory rearing, and integrated management of this pest.

scholarly journals EGG STORAGE OF Podisus nigrispinus (HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE) PREDATORS AT LOW TEMPERATURES

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 877-884 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Hugo Duarte da Costa ◽  
Marcus Alvarenga Soares ◽  
Sebastião Lourenço de Assis Júnior ◽  
Rodrigo Diniz Silveira ◽  
Tatiane Carla Reis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Storage Temperature ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Egg Viability ◽  
Nymphal Stage ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Eucalypt Plantations ◽  
Egg Storage

ABSTRACT Podisus nigrispinus are bedbug predators that are used as biological control agents of defoliating larvae in eucalypt plantations. The mass rearing of natural enemies produces large numbers of insects, but the number of predators produced may not coincide with the timing of the outbreaks of pest populations in the field. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different storage periods on the eggs of P. nigrispinus at low temperatures of 5, 13 and 15ºC. The treatments consisted of periods of 5, 10, 15 and 20 days of storage of predator eggs at each temperature indicated. After the different periods of storage, the eggs were removed, and the egg viability, the survival and duration of nymphal instars and the sex ratio of emerged adults were evaluated. Egg storage at 5ºC reduced the percentage of hatched eggs, while viability values close to 50% were observed for storage periods of up to 10 days at 13ºC and up to 15 days at 15ºC. For these treatments, the survival rates of nymphs were similar to those of the control. The different storage periods had no effect on the duration of the nymphal stage or the sex ratio of P. nigrispinus at any of the temperatures. Therefore, the storage temperature of 5ºC caused the death of the majority of the embryos, while it is possible to store P. nigrispinus eggs up to 10 and 15 days at 13 and 15ºC, respectively.

Development of Physaloptera maxillaris (Nematoda) in the common field cricket (Gryllus pennsylvanicus)

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 385-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C. Lincoln ◽  
Roy C. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Field Cricket ◽  
Mephitis Mephitis ◽  
Infective Stage ◽  
Gryllus Pennsylvanicus ◽  
Striped Skunk ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Important Intermediate ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Field

Physaloptera maxillaris (Molin) from the stomach of striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis Schreber) developed to the infective stage in the common field cricket (Gryllus pennsylvanicus Burmeister). Development took place in host capsules on the ileum. The first molt occurred 4 days and the second 8 days after infection in crickets kept at 30C and a relative humidity of 68–80%. The larval stages are described in detail and it is suggested that the field cricket may be a most important intermediate host of P. maxillaris in the Guelph area.

A Cooperative Species

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Bowles ◽  
Herbert Gintis
Keyword(s):  
Common Good ◽  
Cooperative Groups ◽  
Social Emotions ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Group Competition ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
Shame And Guilt ◽  
Group Members ◽  
The Common ◽  
Ethnographic Data

Why do humans, uniquely among animals, cooperate in large numbers to advance projects for the common good? Contrary to the conventional wisdom in biology and economics, this generous and civic-minded behavior is widespread and cannot be explained simply by far-sighted self-interest or a desire to help close genealogical kin. This book shows that the central issue is not why selfish people act generously, but instead how genetic and cultural evolution has produced a species in which substantial numbers make sacrifices to uphold ethical norms and to help even total strangers. The book describes how, for thousands of generations, cooperation with fellow group members has been essential to survival. Groups that created institutions to protect the civic-minded from exploitation by the selfish flourished and prevailed in conflicts with less cooperative groups. Key to this process was the evolution of social emotions such as shame and guilt, and our capacity to internalize social norms so that acting ethically became a personal goal rather than simply a prudent way to avoid punishment. Using experimental, archaeological, genetic, and ethnographic data to calibrate models of the coevolution of genes and culture as well as prehistoric warfare and other forms of group competition, the book provides a compelling and novel account of human cooperation.

Negotiations over Accounting Issues: The Congruency of Audit Partner and Chief Financial Officer Recalls

2005 ◽  
Vol 24 (s-1) ◽  
pp. 171-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Gibbins ◽  
Susan A. McCracken ◽  
Steven E. Salterio
Keyword(s):  
Negotiation Process ◽  
Chief Financial Officers ◽  
Chief Financial Officer ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Common Elements ◽  
Contextual Features ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Common ◽  
High Level ◽  
Two Sides

Much of what takes place in auditor-client management negotiations occurs in unobservable settings and normally does not result in publicly available archival records. Recent research has increasingly attempted to probe issues relating to accounting negotiations in part due to recent events in the financial world. In this paper, we compare recalls from the two sides of such negotiations, audit partners, and chief financial officers (CFOs), collected in two field questionnaires. We examine the congruency of the auditors' and the CFOs' negotiation recalls for all negotiation elements and features that were common across the two questionnaires (detailed analyses of the questionnaires are reported elsewhere). The results show largely congruent recall: only limited divergences in recall of common elements and features. Specifically, we show a high level of congruency across CFOs and audit partners in the type of issues negotiated, parties involved in resolving the issue, and the elements making up the negotiation process, including agreement on the relative importance of various common accounting contextual features. The analysis of the common accounting contextual features suggests that certain contextual features are consistently important across large numbers of negotiations, whether viewed from the audit partner's or the CFO's perspective, and hence may warrant future study. Finally, the comparative analysis allows us to identify certain common elements and contextual features that may influence both audit partners and CFOs to consider the accounting negotiation setting as mainly distributive (win-lose).

scholarly journals Different stress from parasites and mate choice in two female morphs of the blue-tailed damselfly

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica Subrero ◽  
Irene Pellegrino ◽  
Marco Cucco
Keyword(s):  
Mating Behaviour ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Similar Frequency ◽  
Male Preference ◽  
Ischnura Elegans ◽  
Emergence Success ◽  
The Common ◽  
Nw Italy ◽  
Whole Life Cycle ◽  
Pairing Behaviour

AbstractIn Odonates, female colour polymorphism is common and implies the presence of two or more female types with different colours and behaviours. To explain this phenomenon, several hypotheses have been proposed that consider morph frequency, population density, the presence of parasites, and mating behaviour. We studied the blue-tailed damselfly Ischnura elegans, a species with a blue androchrome morph and two gynochrome morphs (the common green infuscans, and the rare orange rufescens-obsoleta). The size of adult males and females, the presence of parasites, and pairing behaviour between males and the three female morphs was assessed in field conditions throughout the reproductive season in NW Italy. Moreover, growth and emergence success of larvae produced by the different morphs was analyzed in standardized conditions. In the field, males showed a preference for the gynochrome infuscans females, despite a similar frequency of androchrome females. In test conditions, male preference for the infuscans females was also observed. Paired males and paired androchrome females were larger than unpaired individuals, while there were no differences in size between paired and unpaired infuscans females. Males and androchrome females were more parasitized than infuscans females. The survival and emergence success of larvae produced by androchrome females was higher than those of offspring produced by the infuscans females. Our results suggest that a higher survival of progeny at the larval stage could counterbalance the higher parasitism and the lower pairing success of andromorph adult females and highlight the importance of considering the whole life-cycle in polymorphism studies.

scholarly journals Streptococcus pyogenes vulvovaginitis in children in Nottingham

1991 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. E. Donald ◽  
R. C. B. Slack ◽  
G. Colman
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Streptococcus Pyogenes ◽  
Public Health Laboratory ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Vaginal Swabs ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Winter Peak ◽  
The Common

SUMMARYIsolates of Streptococcus pyogenes from vaginal swabs of children with vulvovaginitis received at Nottingham Public Health Laboratory during 1986–9 were studied. A total of 159 isolates was made during the 4 years, increasing from 17 in 1986 to 64 in 1989 and accounting for 11% of all vaginal swabs received from children. The numbers of throat swabs yielding S. pyogenes also showed an increase from 974 in 1986 to 1519 in 1989. A winter peak of isolates was noted for both vaginal swabs and throat swabs. A total of 98 strains from vaginal swabs were serotyped: 22 different types were identified, 61% of which were the common types M4, M6, R28 and M12. Erythromycin sensitivity was done on 89 strains; 84% were highly sensitive (MIC < 0·03 mg/1). There are no other reports of such large numbers in the literature; the reason for seeing this increase in Nottingham is unclear.

scholarly journals Staphylococcal Food Poisoning Associated with Spray-Dried Milk

1955 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 387-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. H. R. Anderson ◽  
Doris M. Stone
Keyword(s):  
Spray Drying ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Skim Milk Powder ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Drying Chamber ◽  
Spray Dried

SummaryEight explosive outbreaks of food poisoning, occurring in school canteens in England during 1953 and affecting 1190 known cases, are described. The clinical features were characteristic of the toxin type of illness. No deaths occurred.The food causing all of these outbreaks was prepared from spray-dried skim milk powder. It was not subsequently heat-treated and was usually consumed 3–4 hr. after preparation.The spray-dried milk powder proved to contain a high content of bacteria, including large numbers of Staph. aureus, of a phage pattern often associated with food poisoning. The assumption was therefore made that these outbreaks were caused by staphylococcal enterotoxin.Because the food was often consumed within 3–4 hr. of reconstitution of the milk powder—before, in fact, the staphylococci had had time to grow—it is concluded that the poisoning must have been due mainly to pre-formed toxin.Consideration is given to the opportunities for the formation of toxin in a spray-drying plant, and reasons are brought forward for believing that it is formed mainly in the balance tank where the warm milk is kept, sometimes for several hours, before passing into the final drying chamber.The processing of the milk and the precautions for preventing contamination of the finished product are discussed.

Recurring Criminal Scripts: The Routinization of Cases Involving the Murder of a Child

2007 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 62-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig J. Forsyth
Keyword(s):  
Death Of A Child ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Capital Murder ◽  
Sociological Literature ◽  
The Common

This paper uses the experiences of a sociologist as an expert mitigation witness in capital murder cases that involved the death of a child. The common themes (scripts) in these cases are explored. The paper then explains why these scripts are important in mitigation work. Finally, the paper fits this research into the previous sociological literature on routines, typifications, and their function in organizations/professions handling large numbers of like clients.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document