Aphid alarm pheromone alters larval behaviour of the predatory gall midge, Aphidoletes aphidimyza and decreases intraguild predation by anthocorid bug, Orius laevigatus

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Mojtaba Hosseini ◽  
Mohsen Mehrparvar ◽  
Sharon E. Zytynska ◽  
Eduardo Hatano ◽  
Wolfgang W. Weisser
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Intraguild Predation ◽  
Alarm Pheromone ◽  
Aphidoletes Aphidimyza ◽  
Orius Laevigatus ◽  
Aphid Density ◽  
Intraguild Predator ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Aphid Alarm Pheromone

Abstract Intraguild predation is the killing and consuming of a heterospecific competitor that uses similar resources as the prey, and also benefit from preying on each other. We investigated the foraging behaviour of the gallmidge, Aphidoletes aphidimyza, a predator of aphids used for biological control that is also the intraguild prey for most other aphid natural enemies. We focus on how aphid alarm pheromone can alter the behaviour of the gallmidge, and predation by the anthocorid bug Orius laevigatus (O. laevigatus). We hypothesised that gallmidges would respond to the presence of (E)-β-farnesene (EBF) by leaving the host plant. Since feeding by Aphidoletes gallmidge larvae does not induce EBF emission by aphids, this emission indicates the presence of an intraguild predator. We found that gallmidge larvae reduced their foraging activities and left the plant earlier when exposed to EBF, particularly when aphids were also present. Contrastingly, gallmidge females did not change the time visiting plants when exposed to EBF, but lay more eggs on plants that had a higher aphid density. Lastly, EBF reduced the number of attacks of the intraguild predator, O. laevigatus, on gallmidge larvae, potentially because more gallmidges stopped aphid feeding and moved off the plant at which point O. laevigatus predated on aphids. Our work highlights the importance of understanding how intraguild predation can influence the behaviour of potential biological control agents and the impact on pest control services when other natural enemies are also present.

Supplemental food affects thrips predation and movement of Orius laevigatus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) and Neoseiulus cucumeris (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.J. Skirvin ◽  
L. Kravar-Garde ◽  
K. Reynolds ◽  
J. Jones ◽  
A. Mead ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Natural Enemy ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Neoseiulus Cucumeris ◽  
Orius Laevigatus ◽  
Supplemental Food ◽  
Species Movement ◽  
Predation Rates

AbstractTwo experiments were done to examine the predation of thrips, and the movement of Orius laevigatus Fieber and Neoseiulus cucumeris (Oudemans) in the presence and absence of two supplemental food sources, pollen and the fungus Trichoderma viride. The presence of pollen led to a 55% reduction in predation of the thrips by N. cucumeris and a 40% reduction in thrips predation by O. laevigatus, in experiments using single predators. The presence of fungus had no significant effect on thrips predation by either of the natural enemy species. Movement of the natural enemies was examined in a multiple predator experiment, and this showed that O. laevigatus was more likely to remain on the plant in the presence of thrips and when supplemental food, either pollen or fungus, was present. For N. cucumeris, there was no association between the presence of thrips and the mite, with the majority of the mites being found on the leaves where pollen was present. Although the single and multiple predator experiments were done at different times, the indications are that the predation rates of the N. cucumeris do not differ greatly between the two experiments, suggesting that there may be a potential interference effect between the mites, which is not present for O. laevigatus. The significance of these results for the use of supplemental food sources in biological control is discussed.

scholarly journals The effect of within-crop habitat manipulations on the conservation biological control of aphids in field-grown lettuce

2011 ◽  
Vol 101 (6) ◽  
pp. 623-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.J. Skirvin ◽  
L. Kravar-Garde ◽  
K. Reynolds ◽  
C. Wright ◽  
A. Mead
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Floral Resources ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Field Crops ◽  
Natural Regulation ◽  
Wildflower Strips ◽  
Natural Pest Regulation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Regulation Changes

AbstractWithin-crop habitat manipulations have the potential to increase the biological control of pests in horticultural field crops. Wildflower strips have been shown to increase the abundance of natural enemies, but there is little evidence to date of an impact on pest populations. The aim of this study was to determine whether within-crop wildflower strips can increase the natural regulation of pests in horticultural field crops. Aphid numbers in plots of lettuce grown adjacent to wildflower strips were compared with those in plots grown in the absence of wildflowers. The presence of wildflower strips led to a decrease in aphid numbers on adjacent lettuce plants during June and July, but had less impact in August and September. The decrease in aphid numbers was greatest close to the wildflower strips and, the decrease in aphid numbers declined with increasing distance from the wildflower strips, with little effect at a distance of ten metres. The main natural enemies found in the crop were those that dispersed aerially, which is consistent with data from previous studies on cereal crops. Analysis and interpretation of natural enemy numbers was difficult due to low recovery of natural enemies, and the numbers appeared to follow changes in aphid abundance rather than being directly linked to the presence of wildflower strips. Cutting the wildflower strips, to remove floral resources, had no impact on the reduction in aphid numbers achieved during June and July, but decreased the effect of the wildflower strips during August and September. The results suggest that wildflower strips can lead to increased natural regulation of pest aphids in outdoor lettuce crops, but more research is required to determine how this is mediated by natural enemies and how the impact of wildflower strips on natural pest regulation changes during the growing season.

scholarly journals Whiteflies Provide Honeydew to Camponotus ants Without Receiving Reciprocal Favor

Sociobiology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 755
Author(s):  
Raí Martins De Jesus ◽  
Ramon Paes Junior ◽  
Gleicy Do Carmo ◽  
Danilo Mota ◽  
Lessando Moreira Gontijo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Laboratory Study ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Predator Cues ◽  
Sooty Mold ◽  
Field Laboratory ◽  
Important Pest ◽  
The Impact

The notion that tending ants provide protection to honeydew-producing hemipterans is widely accepted. Nevertheless, there have been debates about whether or not this protection can always disrupt the biological control of hemipterans. Although various hemipteran species interact with tending ants, most studies have focused on the mutualism between ants and aphids.  Woolly whitefly Aleurothrixus floccosus (Maskell) is an important pest of citrus whose nymphs are frequently tended by ants such as Camponotus. However, it is unknown whether or not ants in this genus can disrupt biological control of woolly whitefly by protecting this pest’s nymphs from natural enemies. We investigated the impact of Camponotus ants on the biological control of woolly whitefly in the field by excluding or allowing the access of ants to whitefly nymph colonies in different tangerine trees. Furthermore, in a laboratory study we also assessed the behavior of Camponotus ants in response to woolly whitefly’s common predator cues (visual and scent).  In summary, this field-laboratory study suggests that there is no mutualism between tending Camponotus ants and the whitefly A. floccosus; rather it indicates commensalism as an alternative interaction. Interactions as this may provide more benefits for the host plant, whereby Camponotus ants can reduce sooty mold by removing honeydew from the leaves and favor pest biological control by leaving the whiteflies unprotected.

scholarly journals Intraguild predation does not necessarily have negative effects on pest biological control: insights from a multiple consumer–multiple resource food web population model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Iskin da Silveira Costa ◽  
Lucas dos Anjos
Keyword(s):  
Food Web ◽  
Intraguild Predation ◽  
Population Model ◽  
Initial Population ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Orius Laevigatus ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Intraguild Predator ◽  
Multiple Resource

We develop a food web population dynamical based on an experimental pest biocontrol setup consisting of thrips and aphids (pests) being consumed by two agents Macrolophus pygmaeus and Orius laevigatus, and with O. laevigatus being an intraguild predator of M. pygmaeus. By means of numerical simulations, we show that pest biocontrol disruption can be avoided depending on initial population densities of pests and agents, despite the intraguild predation (IGP) of O. laevigatus upon M. pygmaeus. This possible avoidance of pest biocontrol disruption is in accordance with the referred experimental setup and moreover, the proposed model corroborates the importance of initial densities of pests and agents in the determination of the failure or success of pest biocontrol found in this and other biocontrol experimental setups.

scholarly journals Current status of classical biological control of Cirsium arvense in New Zealand

2010 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
pp. 273-273
Author(s):  
M.G. Cripps ◽  
G.W. Bourd?t ◽  
S.V. Fowler ◽  
G.R. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
Growth Characteristics ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Perennial Herb ◽  
Rust Pathogen ◽  
The Impact

Cirsium arvense (L) Scop (Californian Canada or creeping thistle) is an exotic perennial herb that successfully established in New Zealand (NZ) approximately 130 years ago and is now considered one of the worst invasive weeds in NZ arable and pastoral systems Two insects Cassida rubiginosa and Ceratapion onopordi were recently released for classical biological control Studies carried out from 2006 to 2009 in both the native (Europe) and introduced (NZ) ranges of the plant aimed to quantify C arvense growth characteristics and assess incidence of the specialised rust pathogen Puccinia punctiformis in regions with and without the supposed pathogen vector C onopordi In permanent field plots natural enemies were excluded with insecticides and fungicides and compared with controls The impact of C rubiginosa was also assessed under different pasture competition scenarios The survey data indicate that C arvense expresses similar growth characteristics in both ranges and that incidence of the rust pathogen is similar in both ranges regardless of the presence of C onopordi The data suggest that the overall suite of natural enemies is capable of exerting some regulating influence on the plant in its native range but that the released biocontrol agents will not likely have a significant impact on this weed in NZ

AN ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF TRICHOPLUSIA NI (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) ON COTTON IN CALIFORNIA

1974 ◽  
Vol 106 (10) ◽  
pp. 1067-1073 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. Ehler ◽  
R. van den Bosch
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Trichoplusia Ni ◽  
Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus ◽  
Perennial Crop ◽  
Theoretical Support ◽  
Early Instar ◽  
Nuclear Polyhedrosis ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

AbstractThe impact of natural enemies on Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) is reviewed. Disappearance of eggs and small larvae (presumably due to predation) is consistently the major intrageneration mortality. Parasitoids and a nuclear polyhedrosis virus effect mortality of larvae surviving early-instar predation. From the analysis, it is argued that natural enemies capable of effective colonization of the habitat and rapid exploitation of the prey population (i.e., r-strategists) are suitable agents for biological control of pests of annual or short-cycle crops. Polyembryony, polyphagy, and polyhedrosis represent attributes which enable the particular natural enemy to implement the rapid-host-exploitation strategy. This interpretation gives added theoretical support for importation of exotic natural enemies of pests of non-perennial crop plants.

scholarly journals Competition and intraguild predation between the braconid parasitoidBracon hylobiiand the entomopathogenic nematodeHeterorhabditis downesi, natural enemies of the large pine weevil,Hylobius abietis

2008 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Everard ◽  
C.T. Griffin ◽  
A.B. Dillon
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Intraguild Predation ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Hylobius Abietis ◽  
Pine Weevil ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
Important Pest

AbstractIn biological control programmes introduced natural enemies compete with indigenous enemies for hosts and may also engage in intraguild predation when two species competing for the same prey attack and consume one another. The large pine weevil,Hylobius abietisL. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is an important pest of coniferous reforestation in Europe. Among its natural enemies, the parasitoidBracon hylobiiRatz. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and entomopathogenic nematodes have potential as biological control agents. Both parasitoid and nematodes target the weevil larvae and, hence, there is potential for competition or intraguild predation.In this study, we examine the interaction ofB. hylobiiwith the nematodeHeterorhabditis downesiStock, Griffin and Burnell (Nematode: Heterorhabditidae), testing the susceptibility of larvae, pupae and adults ofB. hylobiitoH. downesiand whether female parasitoids discriminate between nematode-infected and uninfected weevils for oviposition. In choice tests, when weevils were exposed to nematodes 1–7 days previously, noB. hylobiioviposited on nematode-infected weevil larvae. Up to 24 h, healthy weevils were twice as likely as nematode-infected ones to be used for oviposition.Bracon hylobiifemales did not adjust clutch size; nematode-infected hosts were either rejected or the parasitoid laid a full clutch of eggs on them.When nematodes were applied to the parasitoid feeding on weevil larvae, the nematodes parasitized the parasitoid larvae, there was a reduction in cocoon formation and fewer cocoons eclosed. Eclosion rate was not reduced when nematodes were applied to fully formed cocoons, but nearly all of the emerging adults were killed by nematodes.

scholarly journals Tritrophic interaction between the Mexican sunflower, the aphid Aphis gossypii and natural enemies in a greenhouse experiment

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. e47120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrique Venâncio ◽  
Renata Alexandre Bianchi ◽  
Thaís Oliveira Santos Lobato ◽  
Marcus Vinícius Sampaio ◽  
Jean Carlos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Aphis Gossypii ◽  
Greenhouse Experiment ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Cotton Aphid ◽  
Plant Weight ◽  
Aphid Density ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

The establishment of invasive plants negatively affects natural environments. Invasive herbivores that attack weeds can be used as a form of biological control, but natural enemies of herbivores must be associated with this interaction to prevent the invasive phytophagous from become a local pest. We performed a greenhouse experiment to evaluate how the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii, a ok and invasive herbivore, affects the performance of the weed Tithonia diversifolia, the Mexican sunflower. We also examined the relationship between the aphid and local natural enemies. Seedlings of T. diversifolia were divided in two groups: one infested by the aphid and another not infested. After 22 days, we assessed the relationship between aphid abundance and the presence of natural enemies (Coccinelidae and Aphidius platensis) on infested plants, and compared the vegetative performance of the two seedling groups. Both natural enemies were positively related to high aphid density on infested plants. Plants infested by the aphid presented foliar necrosis and senescence, and a reduction of around 50% in leaf number, foliar area, shoot length and shoot, root and total plant weight compared to non-infested plants. These results indicate potential biological control of Mexican sunflower seedlings by the cotton aphid, and control of this aphid by the studied natural enemies.

scholarly journals Impact of the number of Spodoptera frugiperda egg layers on parasitism by Trichogramma atopovirilia

2005 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Barbosa Beserra ◽  
José Roberto Postali Parra
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Egg Parasitoids ◽  
Egg Masses ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

Egg parasitoids of the genus Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) can be found in several crops attacking Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) eggs. It is therefore necessary to demonstrate the capacity of these natural enemies in suppressing populations of the pest to allow them to be used in biological control programs against that species. This work had the objective of evaluating the impact of egg layer distribution in S. frugiperda egg masses on the parasitism capacity of Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner, 1983. Masses containing one, two, and three layers were used as treatments, and 1.6 parasitoid per egg of the pest were released. Parasitism percentage differences were observed among the three types of masses under study, on average 66.24 ± 8.56%, 45.20 ± 6.20%, and 40.10± 3.46% for egg masses with one, two, and three layers, respectively, demonstrating the potential of use of the parasitoid for the control of fall armyworm.

scholarly journals Can the Combined Use of the Mirid Predator Nesidiocoris tenuis and a Braconid Larval Endoparasitoid Dolichogenidea gelechiidivoris Improve the Biological Control of Tuta absoluta?

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1004
Author(s):  
Pascal Osa Aigbedion-Atalor ◽  
Martin P. Hill ◽  
Pascal Mahukpe Ayelo ◽  
Shepard Ndlela ◽  
Myron P. Zalucki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Natural Enemy ◽  
Intraguild Predation ◽  
Tuta Absoluta ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Nesidiocoris Tenuis

The koinobiont solitary larval endoparasitoid Dolichogenidea gelechiidivoris (Marsh) (Syn.: Apanteles gelechiidivoris) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and the predatory bug Nesidiocoris tenuis (Reuter) (Hemiptera: Miridae) are important natural enemies of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), a serious pest of tomato. Although N. tenuis preferentially feeds on T.absoluta eggs, it is also recorded as a predator of first and second instar larval stages. Dolichogenidea gelechiidivoris preferentially seeks these early larval stages of T. absoluta for oviposition. The occurrence of intraguild predation between N. tenuis and D. gelechiidivoris and the consequences on the oviposition performance of D. gelechiidivoris were investigated in the laboratory. Regardless of the manner of introduction (i.e., the sequence of combinations with D. gelechiidivoris) or density (i.e., number of N. tenuis combined with D. gelechiidivoris), the presence of N. tenuis did not affect the oviposition performance of D. gelechiidivoris or the parasitoid’s progeny. Combination assays revealed that the efficacy of the combined use of N. tenuis and D. gelechiidivoris in controlling T. absoluta populations was significantly higher than that of either natural enemy alone. Our results highlight the potential of combining mirid predators and koinobiont larval endoparasitoids to control T. absoluta. The findings further contribute to data supporting the release of D. gelechiidivoris in tomato agroecosystems for the control of T. absoluta in Africa, where N. tenuis is widespread and abundant.

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