Police Powers and Public Meetings

1937 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-181
Author(s):  
E. C. S. Wade
Keyword(s):  
Search And Seizure ◽  
Public Order ◽  
The Public ◽  
Police Powers ◽  
The Past ◽  
Public Meetings ◽  
Police Action ◽  
The Right ◽  
First Time

Apart from the passage through Parliament at the end of last year of the Public Order Act, the Courts have in the past few years interpreted police powers on several occasions in the direction of restricting liberty. No excuse is therefore required for examining once again in this Journal a topic, one aspect of which was discussed in the last number. The case of Elias v. Pasmore [1934] 2 K. B. 164 raised important questions as to the right of the police to search premises in the course of making an arrest on a warrant. That case recognized for the first time the validity on such an occasion of a search, which resulted in the discovery of documents (not being documents in the possession of the person named in the warrant) containing evidence of an offence committed by any person, even though the search and seizure were illegal as regards other documents discovered on that occasion. This protection for police action only extends to the actual documents which are evidence of the commission of a crime; but it matters not that the crime is one alleged to have been committed by some one other than the person in the course of arresting whom the search is being made.

The Roman Imperial Cult in Smyrna

Belleten ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 76 (276) ◽  
pp. 385-402
Author(s):  
Murat Kılıç
Keyword(s):  
Hellenistic Period ◽  
Historical Process ◽  
Imperial Cult ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Right ◽  
Rising Power ◽  
First Time ◽  
The City

The origins of the imperial cult in Smyrna date back to the Hellenistic period. It is a fact that political concerns were effective in the generation of such cults. Predicting the super power of the future and proving to be a loyal ally whilst acting in satisfactory behaviors were essential factors. The right preference made between two fighting or contending powers ensured that a city would benefit from various privileges in the future. For example, Symrna, which had established a cult in the city previously on behalf of Stratonice, the mother of Antiochus II of Seleucid dynasty, would do the same by building a temple in the name of the dty of Rome for the first time in Asia in 195 BC, after recognizing the rising power. Later on, while giving permission to the provinces that wanted to establish an imperial cult, the Roman emperors and the Senate would consider first, their relationships with Rome in the past and second, their origins. Smyrna, building its relationships with the Roman state on a solid basis, was granted the title of neokoros three times by the Roman Emperors Tiberius, Hadrianus and Caracalla, respectively. In this essay, the development of the Roman imperial cult in Smyrna is discussed within the historical process outlined above. An attempt has been made to put forth new opinions about the issue by discussing the academicians' evaluations on the imperial cult, which apparently was effectively executed in Smyrna between the first and third centuries AD, with the support of epigraphic and numismatic evidences.

scholarly journals The Right to Survival in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiyoung Song
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
Confucian Tradition ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
North Korean Defectors ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Over Time

AbstractFor the past decade, the author has examined North Korean primary public documents and concludes that there have been changes of identities and ideas in the public discourse of human rights in the DPRK: from strong post-colonialism to Marxism-Leninism, from there to the creation of Juche as the state ideology and finally 'our style' socialism. This paper explains the background to Kim Jong Il's 'our style' human rights in North Korea: his broader framework, 'our style' socialism, with its two supporting ideational mechanisms, named 'virtuous politics' and 'military-first politics'. It analyses how some of these characteristics have disappeared while others have been reinforced over time. Marxism has significantly withered away since the end of the Cold War, and communism was finally deleted from the latest 2009 amended Socialist Constitution, whereas the concept of sovereignty has been strengthened and the language of duties has been actively employed by the authority almost as a relapse to the feudal Confucian tradition. The paper also includes some first-hand accounts from North Korean defectors interviewed in South Korea in October–December 2008. They show the perception of ordinary North Koreans on the ideas of human rights.

scholarly journals Sharia Hisba and public lawsuit: An original study comparing Sharia and Libyan law

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 150
Author(s):  
Salem Salem Juber ◽  
Muhammad Awad Saker
Keyword(s):  
Original Study ◽  
The State ◽  
Public Order ◽  
Public Prosecution ◽  
The Public ◽  
Case System ◽  
Institutional System ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
Coherent Body

The Sharia Hisba is an integrated Islamic system of pillars and construction whose theme is enjoining good and forbidding evil, and aims at stabilizing societies and the supremacy of virtue and high morals in it, and rejecting vice and bad morals from it. The legal public prosecution system is an accusatory system that seeks to safeguard the right of the state and the right of the individual to the public order to ensure a society free from apparent crimes, and a regular picture of the state and individuals is formed in a coherent body without chaos. The Hisba system is a symbiotic social system that moves through the community’s control of the community, while the public case system and its tools from the Public Prosecution and other institutions is a deterrent institutional system that moves in the light of the law and deals in accordance with its principles and limits.

scholarly journals PEMBATASAN HAK ATAS INFORMASI ELEKTRONIK DALAM YURISDIKSI CYBERSPACE

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-54
Author(s):  
Muh Effendi
Keyword(s):  
Virtual World ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Public Order ◽  
Electronic Information ◽  
The Public ◽  
State Security ◽  
Use Of Technology ◽  
Right To Information ◽  
The Right ◽  
Thesis Writing

Writing this thesis aims to find out the form of legal protection and restrictions on the right to information that can be done in cyberspace. Because of the rapid advances in technology, there are also more problems that arise from this virtual world, this is the background of this thesis writing because it is very important to know what can and should not be done according to laws governing the world this virtual. Some countries, including Indonesia, restrict the right to electronic information, although this kind of regulation, both formally and materially, is contrary to the rights of individuals to privacy and information, but there are other people's rights that also need to be protected and state security that must be protected. The birth of law number 11 of 2008 which was revised to law number 19 of 2016 is clear evidence of the limitation of the right to information in Indonesia, because Indonesia upholds human rights but with this law Indonesia also aims to maintain security or country stability. The conclusion reached is: that the state protects the right to information and the use of technology but is also obliged to protect the public interest from all kinds of disturbances arising from misuse of information, especially through electronic media that disturb public order, or so-called jurisdiction.

8. Freedom to protest and police powers

2020 ◽  
pp. 138-160
Author(s):  
Richard Clements
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Common Law ◽  
European Convention ◽  
Public Order ◽  
Police Powers ◽  
Reasonable Suspicion ◽  
The Right

The Q&A series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each chapter includes typical questions, diagram problem and essay answer plans, suggested answers, notes of caution, tips on obtaining extra marks, the key debates on each topic, and suggestions on further reading. This chapter is all about the freedom to protest and police powers. Freedom to protest is protected by common law, statute, and the European Convention on Human Rights. The questions looked at here consider issues such as public order law; the right to protest; the right to freedom of peaceful assembly; and police powers to arrest and search on reasonable suspicion.

Aristotle's Use of Medicine as Model of Method in his Ethics

1957 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Werner Jaeger
Keyword(s):  
Historical Consciousness ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Political Art ◽  
Greek Philosophy ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
First Time ◽  
Source Of Information

Philosophy, in general, moves in a sphere of abstraction, and its statements claim to be necessary and of universal validity. The reader therefore expects them to appeal directly to his reason, and he does not normally reflect much on the time and historical conditions that determined what the philosopher took for granted. It is only in this age of historical consciousness that we have come to appreciate these factors more readily, and the great thinkers of the past appear to us more or less closely related to the culture of their age. The writings of Plato and Aristotle in particular are for us an inexhaustible source of information about Greek society and civilisation. This is true also in regard to the relation of Greek philosophy to the science of its time, and this is of special importance for our understanding. That relation can be traced throughout Aristotle's logical, physical, and metaphysical works; but the influence of other sciences and arts is no less evident in his ethics. In this paper I propose to examine the numerous references to medicine that occur in the Nicomachean Ethics. They are mostly concerned with the question of the best method of treating this subject. The problem of the right method is always of the utmost importance for Aristotle. The discussion of it begins on the first page of the Ethics, where he tries to give a definition of the subject of this course of lectures and attributes it to a philosophical discipline that he calls ‘politics’. He does so in agreement with the Platonic tradition. We can trace it back to one of the dialogues of Plato's first period, the Gorgias, in which the Platonic Socrates for the first time pronounces his postulate of a new kind of philosophy, the object of which ought to be the care of the human soul (φυχῆς θεραπεία). He assigns this supreme task to ‘political art’, even though it does not fulfil this function at present.

scholarly journals Absence of Witness Protection is a Threat to Fair Trial as Envisaged Under the Constitution of Pakistan, 1973

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-78
Author(s):  
Atif Uddin ◽  
Liaquat Ali
Keyword(s):  
Due Process ◽  
Burden Of Proof ◽  
Fair Trial ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
The Public ◽  
Adversarial System ◽  
Administration Of Justice ◽  
Criminal Charge ◽  
The Right ◽  
First Time

  ABSTRACT The purpose of this research is to analyze the causes of non-implementation of witness protection laws in Pakistan and their effects on the right of a fair trial. The key elements in a criminal trial are witnesses and their testimonies, which establish the guilt of the accused. Pakistan follows the adversarial system of trial, which is based on two basic principles; firstly that the burden of proof lies on the prosecution and secondly, that the accused is presumed to be innocent until proven guilty. Witness protection is essential for a fair trial. In terms of Article 10A of the Constitution, 1973, the right of a fair trial is a indisputable and  inalienable right of every inhabitant of Pakistan including the victims and witnesses. Protecting witnesses and victims is an obligation of the State. The process of investigation and prosecution of crimes, serious or not, be subject to mainly on the evidence and authentication of witnesses. Hence, witnesses are the chief ingredient  of the fruitful Administration of the criminal justice system (CJS) in Pakistan. General principles of evidence are contained in the Qanoon-e-Shahdat Order, 1984 (‘QSO-1984’) however, on the matter of witness protection in Pakistan, for the first time complete legislation was introduced at the federal and provincial levels (except Khyber Pakhtunkhwa). The  outcome of the reluctant approach of the public at large is that the suspect , every time able to free from a criminal charge  and the criminal administration of justice fails.  Hence, it is a denial of due process and violation of the essential entitlement to a fair trial of the victim. خلاصہ اس تحقیق کا مقصد پاکستان میں گواہوں کے تحفظ کے قوانین کے نفاذ کی وجوہات اور منصفانہ مقدمے کی سماعت کے حق پر ان کے اثرات کا تجزیہ کرنا ہے۔ مجرمانہ مقدمے کی سماعت کے اہم عنصر گواہ اور ان کی شہادتیں ہیں ، جو ملزم کا جرم ثابت کرتے ہیں۔ پاکستان آزمائشی نظام کی پیروی کرتا ہے ، جو دو بنیادی اصولوں پر مبنی ہے۔ پہلا یہ کہ ثبوت کا بوجھ استغاثہ پر پڑتا ہے اور دوسرا یہ کہ قصوروار ثابت ہونے تک ملزم کو بے قصور سمجھا جاتا ہے۔ منصفانہ آزمائش کے لئے گواہوں کا تحفظ ضروری ہے۔ آئین کے آرٹیکل 10 اے کے تحت 1973 میں ، منصفانہ آزمائش کا حق متاثرین اور گواہوں سمیت پاکستان کے ہر شہری کا ایک بنیادی ، ناگزیر حق ہے۔ گواہوں اور متاثرین کی حفاظت کرنا ریاست کی ذمہ داری ہے۔ سنگین ہے یا نہیں ، جرائم کی تحقیقات اور ان کے خلاف قانونی کارروائی کا عمل بنیادی طور پر گواہوں کے ثبوت اور توثیق پر منحصر ہے۔ لہذا ، گواہ پاکستان میں فوجداری نظام کے ثمر آور انتظامیہ کا سنگ بنیاد ہیں۔ ثبوت کے عمومی اصول قونونِ شہادت آرڈر ، 1984 میں موجود ہیں ، تاہم ، پاکستان میں گواہوں کے تحفظ کے معاملے پر ، پہلی بار وفاقی اور صوبائی سطح پر (خیبر پختونخوا کے علاوہ) مکمل قانون سازی کی گئی۔ بڑے پیمانے پر عوام سے ہچکچاتے ہوئے اندازہ لگانے کا نتیجہ یہ ہے کہ ہر بار مجرم ، مجرمانہ الزامات سے آزاد ہونے اور انصاف کی مجرمانہ انتظامیہ ناکام ہوجاتا ہے۔ لہذا ، یہ انصاف کی تردید اور مقتول کے منصفانہ مقدمے کے لازمی حق کی خلاف ورزی ہے۔ کلیدی الفاظ منصفانہ ٹرائل ، گواہوں سے تحفظ ، گواہوں کے تحفظ کا قانون ، فوجداری انصاف کا نظام ، گواہ گمنامی کا حکم ، آئین۔  

Part VII Rights—Substance and Content, Ch.45 Free Speech and Expression

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Deliberative Democracy ◽  
Free Speech ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Freedom Of Speech ◽  
Public Order ◽  
Indian Constitution ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Right ◽  
Successes And Failures

This chapter examines the place of the right to freedom of speech and expression within Indian constitutionalism. After reviewing the classical normative arguments for free speech, it considers how the domain of speech is related to colonial continuity, sedition, and public order. It discusses the scope of Article19(1)(a) of the Indian Constitution with respect to free speech, as well as the Indian Supreme Court’s successes and failures in its efforts to expand the domain of speech. It explores the democracy argument as the primary justification used by the courts in free speech cases, and its consequences. Finally, it looks at the standards for determining reasonableness, hate speech, and obscenity, and argues that the idea of a deliberative democracy must be supplemented with the concept of agonistic politics to enrich and strengthen the free speech tradition that has evolved in the past six decades.

scholarly journals ADMINISTRATIVE APPEAL

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Barjam Gjishti
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Legal Person ◽  
Central Administration ◽  
The Public ◽  
Administrative Procedure ◽  
Administrative Functions ◽  
State Administration ◽  
Administrative Procedures ◽  
The Right ◽  
First Time

The term public administration in the Albanian legal system identifies the group of state administration bodies / public entities that contribute to the performance and functioning of state administration in matters of its competencies. The provision for the first time defined by the bodies that are part of the public administration is Article 3 of the Code of Administrative Procedure, 1999, repealed by the new Administrative Procedure Code, which provides in Article 3, point 6, “the public organ” bodies that are part of the public administration are those exercising administrative functions. The new Code of Administrative Procedures shall designate as a public administrative body any central administration body, local authority, law enforcement authorities, as long as they perform administrative functions, public entities and any natural or legal person who has been given by law, statute or any other form provided by the legislation in force, the right to exercise administrative functions. All public bodies that do not exercise administrative functions are excluded from this definition.

scholarly journals El derecho a la desconexión digital en el ámbito laboral

2019 ◽  
pp. 130-149
Author(s):  
Eduardo Enrique TALÉNS VISCONTI
Keyword(s):  
Work Environment ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Private Sphere ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Right ◽  
First Time

Laburpena: Zalantzarik gabekoa da atseden egokiak eragin positiboa duela gure eguneroko bizitzan. Lan-giroa, batzuetan, estresa, urduritasuna eragiten duten fokuetako bat izan daiteke eta, azken finean, langileen osasunean eragina izan dezake. Patologia hori agerian uzteko moduetako bat teknologien eraginpean gehiegi jartzea izan daiteke, "technoestrés" bezala ere ezaguna. Horren adibidea hauxe dugu: enplegatzaileak langileei atseden-orduetan, baimenetan edo oporretan igortzen dizkien deiak, mezu elektronikoak eta mezuak. Abenduaren 5eko 3/2018 Legeak lehenengo aldiz arautu du gure herrialdean deskonexio digitalerako eskubidea. Aipatu eskubidea langile publikoei aplikatzen zaie, eta Langile Publikoen Oinarrizko Estatutuan ere aldaketaren bat eragin du. Azterlan honetan, deskonexio digitalerako eskubidea aztertuko dut; izan ere, eskubide hori eremu pribatuan nola Administrazio Publikoan zerbitzua ematen duten langileei dagokie. Resumen: Es un hecho incuestionable que un adecuado descanso repercute positivamente en nuestra vida diaria. El entorno laboral puede ser, en ocasiones, uno de los focos de que producen estrés, nerviosismo y que, en definitiva, pueden repercutir en la salud de las personas trabajadoras. Una de las formas en las que se manifiesta esta patología puede venir de la mano de una sobreexposición a las tecnologías, también conocido como “tecnoestrés”. Esto puede venir provocado por las llamadas, correos y mensajes que el empresario manda al trabajador durante sus horas de descanso, permisos o vacaciones. La reciente Ley 3/2018, de 5 de diciembre, regula por primera vez en nuestro país el derecho a la desconexión digital. En el presente estudio analizaré el derecho a la desconexión digital, aplicable tanto para los trabajadores que prestan sus servicios en el ámbito privado como en la Administración Pública. Abstrac: It is an unquestionable fact that adequate rest has a positive impact on our daily life. The work environment can sometimes be one of the sources of stress, nervousness and, ultimately, can affect the health of workers. One of the ways in which this pathology manifests may come hand in hand with overexposure to technologies, also known as "techno-stress". This can be caused by the calls, emails and messages that the employer sends to the worker during their rest hours, permits or vacations. The recent Law 3/2018, of December 5, regulates for the first time in our country the right to digital disconnection. In the present study I will analyze the right to digital disconnection, applicable both for workers who provide their services in the private sphere and in the Public Administration.

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