Ideas and the Limits on Program Expansion: The Failure of Nationwide Pharmacare in Canada Since 1944

2013 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 419-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Boothe
Keyword(s):  
Policy Development ◽  
Public Hospital ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Reciprocal Relationship ◽  
Politiques Publiques ◽  
Policy Ideas ◽  
Public Expectations ◽  
Le Canada ◽  
Incremental Process ◽  
Program Expansion

Abstract. This article investigates the limits that ideas place on the scope of policy expansion though an empirical puzzle. Canada lacks a nationwide, universal pharmaceutical insurance program, which contrasts with the experience of most mature welfare states and Canada's own broad public hospital and medical insurance. The article find that ideas matter in policy development because of the mechanisms put in place by the pace of change. A slower, incremental process of policy development leads to restricted policy ideas that limit opportunities for program expansion. The article finds evidence of a reciprocal relationship between policy ideas and public expectations in four proposals for nationwide pharmaceutical insurance in Canada between 1944 and 2002.Résumé. Cet article examine les limites qu'imposent les idées à la portée du déploiement des politiques publiques, et ce à partir d'un paradoxe empirique : le Canada n'a aucun programme national et universel d'assurance-médicaments, ce qui tranche avec la situation de la plupart des États-providence établis ainsi qu'avec son propre système public d'assurance maladie et hospitalisation. L'article montre que les idées influencent le développement des politiques publiques en raison des mécanismes qu'induit le rythme des réformes. Un processus de développement lent et graduel entraîne la formation d'idées restrictives, qui limitent les opportunités d'expansion des programmes. La constatation y est également faite d'une relation de réciprocité entre les idées et les attentes du public dans le cadre de quatre propositions d'établissement d'une assurance-médicaments nationale au Canada, entre 1944 et 2002.

Mondialisation et bien être

2007 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 790-792
Author(s):  
André S. Gosciniak
Keyword(s):  
Politiques Publiques ◽  
Le Canada

Mondialisation et bien être, Helliwell, John F., Presses de l'Université Laval, 2005, 105 pages.L'ouvrage de John Helliwell est la compilation de trois conférences données par l'auteur en 2000 ; retravaillées et mises à jour, elles présentent la réflexion de Helliwell sur la mondialisation et le bien-être, ce dernier sujet étant le thème principal de l'ouvrage. Le lien entre la mondialisation et le bien-être est faible, les deux sujets étant traités souvent de façon séparée. Par conséquent, le lecteur qui s'attendrait à une analyse approfondie des effets de la mondialisation sur le bien-être humain en sortira peut-être déçu. Le phénomène de la mondialisation est l'un des sujets de la réflexion de Helliwell, mais c'est loin d'être le plus important – le livre concerne par exemple beaucoup plus les relations bilatérales entre le Canada et les États-Unis ou encore le rôle du Canada dans le monde actuel et il faut attendre le troisième et dernier chapitre qui constitue une réflexion sur la façon de “ combiner bien-être national et bien-être mondial ” pour voir la relation entre le contenu des deux premiers chapitres et la mondialisation. Cependant, il faut rendre justice à l'auteur qui prévient le lecteur que “ cet ouvrage met l'accent sur le bien-être comme centre d'intérêt pour les chercheurs et les responsables de l'élaboration des politiques publiques ” (p. 1). En effet, ce serait une erreur grave de nier que l'ouvrage de Helliwell a ses points forts et la réflexion de l'auteur ne décevra pas un lecteur intéressé par le sujet. Je me concentrerai d'abord sur la troisième partie du livre, qui me semble la plus féconde.

scholarly journals Le financement des entreprises en démarrage et en croissance : le point de la situation

2011 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Marc Suret
Keyword(s):  
Nous Avons ◽  
Politiques Publiques ◽  
Le Canada

Le financement des entreprises en croissance demeure un problème très important qui, dans de nombreux pays, dont le Canada, met en jeu des politiques publiques multiples et des montants considérables. Les résultats des efforts des pouvoirs publics ne semblent cependant pas toujours être à la hauteur des attentes. En avril 2010, un symposium sur la finance entrepreneuriale et le capital de risque a rassemblé, à Montréal, 60 experts venus de 18 pays. Nous résumons ici les présentations, discussions et propositions faites lors de cette activité. Nous avons choisi trois dimensions particulièrement importantes du point de vue des politiques publiques au Canada. La rentabilité de l’industrie du placement privé et du capital de risque est faible et les investisseurs institutionnels en ont pris conscience. Les émissions initiales sont en forte diminution, ce qui limite les possibilités de sortie très profitable du capital de risque. La conception et l’implantation de politiques publiques en faveur du capital de risque sont difficiles.

Policy Analysis in Ireland

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Policy Analysis ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Policy Outcomes ◽  
Organizational Processes ◽  
Analysis And Evaluation ◽  
Specific Policy ◽  
Current State ◽  
Policy Ideas ◽  
The Government

This volume constitutes the Irish element in the ever-expanding International Library of Policy Analysis series, edited by Michael Howlett and Iris Geva-May and published by Policy Press. It provides unique insights into the state of policy analysis in Ireland. It draws together contributions from some of the leading policy analysis experts, both academics and practitioners, to provide a multidimensional set of perspectives on how policy analysis has developed to its current state, a century after the country gained independence. The chapters examine the range of institutions and actors involved in policy analysis from across the government, the private sector and broader civil society. The intention is not to critique specific policy outcomes or policy developments, rather the chapters focus on the organizational processes, institutions and locations that contribute to the construction and supply of policy ideas as well as methods of policy analysis and evaluation. The chapters examine the policy capabilities of the institutions wherein policy development and evaluation are conducted. Our aim is to ensure that this volume constitutes a window into the research frontier of Irish policy analysis.

8 Welfare state transformation in small open economies

2005 ◽  
Vol 13 (S1) ◽  
pp. 161-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
HERBERT OBINGER ◽  
STEPHAN LEIBFRIED ◽  
CLAUDIA BOGEDAN ◽  
EDITH GINDULIS ◽  
JULIA MOSER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Social Spending ◽  
Welfare Regimes ◽  
State Transformation ◽  
Qualitative Approaches ◽  
Spending Patterns ◽  
Downward Spiral

We examine whether a fundamental change in the core dimension of modern 20th century statehood, the welfare state, has become evident in response to changed exogenous and endogenous challenges. By combining quantitative and qualitative approaches we take stock of social policy development in four advanced welfare states – Austria, Denmark, New Zealand and Switzerland – over the last 30 years. Neither spending patterns nor structural changes support a ‘race to the bottom thesis’, according to which the changed environment of welfare state policies has led to a downward spiral in benefit provision. On the contrary, we show that social spending levels have risen, mainly due to a catch-up of former welfare state laggards. In structural terms, a blurring of welfare regimes can be observed. This twofold process can be described as dual convergence.

scholarly journals Two Domains to Five: Advancing Veterinary Duty of Care to Fulfil Public Expectations of Animal Welfare Expertise

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3504
Author(s):  
Katherine E. Littlewood ◽  
Ngaio J. Beausoleil
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Internal State ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Veterinary Profession ◽  
Public Expectations ◽  
Animal Welfare Science ◽  
Health Experts

Veterinarians are animal health experts. More recently, they have been conferred a leading role as experts in animal welfare. This expectation of veterinarians as welfare experts appears to stem from their training in veterinary medicine as well as professional contributions to welfare-relevant policy and law. Veterinarians are ideally situated to act as animal welfare experts by virtue of their core work with animals and potential influence over owners, their roles in policy development, compliance, and monitoring, and as educators of future veterinarians. However, since its inception as a discipline over 70 years ago, animal welfare science has moved beyond a two-dimensional focus on nutrition and health (biological functioning) towards an understanding that the mental experiences of animals are the focus of welfare consideration. The Five Domains Model is a structured and systematic framework for more holistically considering conditions that contribute to the animal’s internal state and its perception of its external situation, and the resultant mental experiences. The Model can be used to better align veterinary animal welfare expertise with contemporary understanding of animal welfare science and improve welfare literacy within the veterinary profession. Improved understanding of animal welfare science is likely to lead to increased confidence, competence, and empowerment to act as experts in their daily lives.

scholarly journals Policy entrepreneurship in context: Understanding the emergence of novel policy solutions for services innovation in Finland and Ireland

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 668-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dylan Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Policy Development ◽  
Institutional Context ◽  
Comparative Case Study ◽  
Policy Entrepreneurs ◽  
Policy Entrepreneurship ◽  
Documentary Analysis ◽  
Policy Ideas ◽  
The Social ◽  
New Policies ◽  
Services Innovation

Abstract Policy entrepreneurs have been identified as playing an important role in the emergence of public policies for innovation. Despite the growing number of studies, the role of context has only recently begun to be explored in detail. This article contributes by investigating the interplay between the institutional context and the strategies of policy entrepreneurs, in the successful introduction of new policy ideas for services innovation. Building on insights from institutional theory, it argues that policy entrepreneurs are embedded in a multidimensional context of field-level conditions, multi-level standard operating procedures for policy development, and the social position of actors. It explores the activities of policy entrepreneurs in two countries—Finland and Ireland—and finds that differences in the institutional context help explain why some entrepreneurs are able to develop and implement new policies, while others fail. The article draws on comparative case study evidence including documentary analysis and interviews.

Governance

2021 ◽  
pp. 172-187
Author(s):  
Daniel Béland ◽  
Kimberly J. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Policy Development ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Welfare Regimes ◽  
Local Power ◽  
Human Welfare ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Governance Systems ◽  
Territorial Organization ◽  
National Perspective ◽  
Social Programme

The creation of every social programme entails decisions about governance—about how these programmes are to be funded and administered. Policymakers have made varying choices about the territorial organization of social programme governance, as well as the mix of public and private actors involved in their financing, administration, and delivery. These decisions are highly consequential, shaping the relative power of different constituencies and governing bodies. Governance systems also reflect views about central versus local power, the role of religious and other groups in social provision, and the balance between markets versus states in providing for human welfare needs. This chapter examines social programme governance from a historical and a cross-national perspective to elucidate key patterns and trends. The first half of the chapter focuses on the public–private mix in welfare governance, while the second explores territorial governance, with a specific focus on federalism. One important theme in this chapter concerns the need to challenge assumptions that welfare states are monolithic, highly centralized, and state dominated. Instead, contemporary welfare regimes are mixed systems in which policy development and implementation often take place through non-state actors and/or at subnational levels of government.

Conceptualizing and Theorizing Social Policy, Poverty, and Inequality

2020 ◽  
pp. 22-37
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Social Cohesion ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Comprehensive Approach ◽  
Social Policies ◽  
Extreme Poverty ◽  
Policy Paradigm ◽  
Poverty And Inequality

The chapter conceptualizes and theorizes social policy in the context of poverty and inequality. Inequality and poverty are two concepts that are by definition multi-dimensional and, therefore, require a comprehensive approach. The chapter argues that different theories underpinned social policies of welfare states in their fight against extreme poverty and inequality. The chapter, therefore, seeks to examine the following concepts and theories as they influence the development and reform of social policies: conceptual clarifications of social policy, poverty, social exclusion and inclusion, social cohesion or equity, theoretical underpinnings that influence social policy development and reforms, and the new social policy paradigm.

National and International Drivers of the Spread of Social Cash Transfers

2018 ◽  
pp. 277-304
Author(s):  
Lutz Leisering
Keyword(s):  
Policy Development ◽  
Event History Analysis ◽  
Pension Reform ◽  
Explanatory Models ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Cash Transfer ◽  
Political Regime ◽  
Transnational Communities ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Social Cash Transfers

This chapter seeks to explain the remarkable spread of social cash transfer programmes in the countries of the global South. General explanatory models of social policy development are discussed, and then specified and tested for social pensions, using multivariate quantitative analysis (event history analysis, 1971–2011). Theories familiar from explaining the historical rise of Northern welfare states have to be modified and extended to accommodate development contexts. Three major groups of drivers of the spread of social pensions are found: socio-economic modernization and political regime type; global norms; and pension reform events. By way of qualitative analysis, three mechanisms are identified, by which global ideas and norms influence domestic policies: cultural linkages, theorization, and quantification. These mechanisms also help to explain the diffusion of new ideas within transnational communities and within domestic political arenas.

Moral Discourse and Public Policy in Aging: Framing Problems, Seeking Solutions, and “Public Ethics”

1993 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip G. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Moral Discourse ◽  
Etude Comparative ◽  
Étude Comparative ◽  
Politiques Publiques ◽  
Public Ethics ◽  
Débat Public ◽  
Le Canada

RÉSUMÉDes approches humanistes sont essentielles pour explorer les principales politiques touchant la gérontologie et la gériatrie. Cet article décrit comment l'approche de « l'éthique publique, » c'est-à-dire l'examen des principales valeurs sous-tendant et orientant le procédé d'élaboration des politiques publiques, peut nous faire davantage comprendre les politiques ayant trait au vieillissement. Pour illustrer cette analyse, des exemples tirés d'une étude comparative entre le Canada et les États-Unis sont fournis. Parmi les éléments analysés, on trouve d'abord les principales valeurs sociales formant la toile de fond de cette étude, particulièrement l'opposition entre l'individualisme et le collectivisme. Ensuite, la définition et la résolution des problèmes reposent à la fois sur les faits et les valeurs. Elles impliquent une discussion sur les facteurs sociaux intervenant dans la « crise » du vieillissement, notamment la polarisation des gens en groupes d'âge et la rationalisation des ressources destinées aux soins de la santé. Finalement, la nature du débat public et du discours moral, en qualité de procédé guidant l'élaboration de politiques publiques, est étudiée, et les répercussions quant à l'importance des valeurs dans l'élaboration de nouvelles politiques à venir sont également considérées. Le procédé d'élaboration des politiques publiques, notamment la manière dont il relève les défis associés à une population vieillissante, en dit long sur la cohésion et l'intégrité sous-jacentes de notre société et sur le degré d'humanisme que l'on trouve au sein des principales politiques et institutions sociales.

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